In this paper, the influence of plasma turbulence due to the sheared and body stress flow on the dispersion characteristics of the transverse electromagnetic modes in strongly coupled plasma is ...analysed. Using kinetic theory and solving the scattering relationship for the Vlasov‐Maxwell system, the influence of plasma turbulence on the growth of the electromagnetic mode is investigated. The minimum value of the stress rate threshold for the growth rate of electromagnetic instability in the linear polarization is higher than that of circular polarization. It is shown that the instability growth rate maximum for the circular polarization is about 100 times higher than that of the linear polarization. In the circular polarization, the value minimum of the shear stress is 1.2 times the minimum volume of the body stress. For the linear polarization, the value minimum of the body stress is 1.5 times the minimum volume of the shear stress. Increasing the density gradient of plasma leads to a higher stress threshold rate, and the range of propagation angles of growing modes is limited. With increasing steps of the density gradient plasma in the low‐density corona, electromagnetic instability occurs at a higher stress flow.
Apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum species is a growing problem worldwide. Colletotrichum spp. are economically important but taxonomically un-resolved. Identification of Colletotrichum spp. ...is critical due to potential species-level differences in pathogenicity-related characteristics. A 400-isolate collection from New York apple orchards were morphologically assorted to two groups, C. acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). A sub-sample of 44 representative isolates, spanning the geographical distribution and apple varieties, were assigned to species based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of nrITS, GAPDH and TUB2 for CASC, and ITS, GAPDH, CAL, ACT, TUB2, APN2, ApMat and GS genes for CGSC. The dominant species was C. fioriniae, followed by C. chrysophilum and a novel species, C. noveboracense, described in this study. This study represents the first report of C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense as pathogens of apple. We assessed the enzyme activity and fungicide sensitivity for isolates identified in New York. All isolates showed amylolytic, cellulolytic and lipolytic, but not proteolytic activity. C. chrysophilum showed the highest cellulase and the lowest lipase activity, while C. noveboracense had the highest amylase activity. Fungicide assays showed that C. fioriniae was sensitive to benzovindiflupyr and thiabendazole, while C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense were sensitive to fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole. All species were pathogenic on apple fruit with varying lesion sizes. Our findings of differing pathogenicity-related characteristics among the three species demonstrate the importance of accurate species identification for any downstream investigations of Colletotrichum spp. in major apple growing regions.
The presence of Weibel instability in laser‐irradiated fuel could be detrimental to the process of ablative implosion, which is necessary for achieving thermonuclear fusion reactions. In this paper, ...the effect of the Coulomb collisional within the turbulent plasma on the Weibel instability growth rate has been investigated for linear and circular polarization. The results indicate that the Weibel instability growth rate at circular polarization near the ignition centre of the fuel fusion (collisional plasma) is about 105 times higher than the collisional Weibel instability growth rate at linear polarization. The Weibel instability growth rate is observed near the critical density of the fuel fusion (collisionless plasma) at linear polarization and enhancement near the foot of the heat in front of the fuel fusion. By increasing the steps of the density gradient plasma in the low‐density corona, electromagnetic instability occurs at a higher stress flow. Therefore, the deposition condition of electron beam energy in circular polarization of turbulent plasma can be shifted to the fuel core for suitable ignition.
Body stress flow can be expected in the fast ignition imploding of the inertial fusion process that strongly damps small‐scale velocity structures. The Weibel instability is one of the plasma ...instabilities that require anisotropy in the distribution function. The body stress effect was neglected in the calculation of the Weibel instability growth rate. In this article, the propagation condition of impinging waves and the growing modes of the Weibel instability on the plasma density gradient of the fuel fusion with the body stress flow are investigated. Calculations show that the minimum value of the body stress rate threshold in the linear polarization is about 2.96 times greater than that of the circular polarization. Increasing 10 times of the density gradient and decreasing 2 times of the wavelength in the linear polarization and the circular polarization, respectively, lead to about 1.78 × 106 times increment and 0.019 times decrement in the maximum of the Weibel instability growth rate. Also, the Weibel instability growth rate maximum in the circular polarization is about 107 times greater than that of the linear polarization. The body stress flow and the density gradient tend to stabilize the Weibel instability in the circular polarization and act as a destabilizing source in the linear polarization. Therefore, by increasing steps of the density gradient plasma near the relativistic electron beam‐emitting region, in the circular polarization, the Weibel instability occurs at a higher stress flow.
Currently, students' self-efficacy and discipline are very important, especially at the high school level to help students improve their learning abilities. This study aims to answer the research ...question, namely how the results of descriptive statistics on self-efficacy variables and the disciplinary character of high school students in physics subjects. Are there differences and relationships between self-efficacy and the disciplinary character of physics high school students? The method used in this study is a mixed method. The research results are based on the t test which states that the comparative data is smaller than 0.05 and the correlation test which states the data results are smaller than 0.05. The conclusion of this study is the difference and relationship between self-efficacy and character discipline of students at Senior high school 5 Jambi City and Alberta High School Diploma in physics subjects. The update of this research is that knowing the relationship between self-efficacy and disciplinary character can be used as a source of good research in the future and for teachers and schools at the high school level. This research is limited by high school level and physics subjects.
Erwinia amylovora
causes fire blight, a disease responsible for enormous economic losses in the pome fruit-producing areas where it is present. Despite the abundant research on fire blight, ...information about
E. amylovora
population dynamics and survival in fire blight cankers and the plant defense responses to this pathogen in the infected bark are limited. In our study, we obtained fire blight cankers in apple, pear, and Asian pear cultivars showing differing resistance to the disease by shoot inoculation with
E. amylovora
. We collected cankers from irrigated and non-irrigated trees every 3 months in two independent field experiments and analyzed samples by viability digital PCR. We also assessed the expression of pathogenicity-related (
PR
) genes in the bark of selected apple and Asian pear cultivars. A logistic regression analysis revealed the impact of environmental and host factors on
E. amylovora
detection rates in cankers. The chances of detecting live
E. amylovora
cells in cankers increased significantly in those collected from irrigated trees, in July, and/or during an experiment performed in a year with an expected average rainfall when compared to samples from non-irrigated trees, collected in January, and/or during an experiment performed under environmental conditions dominated by drought. We found a positive correlation between the pathogen detection rates in cankers and the host resistance to fire blight that might be explained by lower
E. amylovora
survival rates in more damaged tissues of susceptible hosts. The genes
PR-1, PR-2, PR-5,
and
PR-8
were induced in the bark surrounding apple and Asian pear fire blight cankers. Our study, involving the analysis of more than 800 canker samples, provides new knowledge about the fire blight disease cycle and lays the foundation for improved fire blight management and eradication strategies in pome fruit orchards.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared body compositional changes, including fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BF%), and fat-free mass (FFM), ...between different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (cycling vs. overground running vs. treadmill running) as well as to a control (i.e., no exercise) condition. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I
index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCTs. Thirty-six RCTs lasting between 3 to 15 weeks were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. RCTs that examined the effect of HIIT type on FM, BF%, and FFM were sourced from online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to 21 June 2022. HIIT (all modalities combined) induced a significant reduction in FM (weighted mean difference WMD: -1.86 kg, 95% CI: -2.55 to -1.18,
0.001) despite a medium between-study heterogeneity (I
= 63.3,
0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed cycling and overground running reduced FM (WMD: -1.72 kg, 95% CI: -2.41 to -1.30,
0.001 and WMD: -4.25 kg, 95% CI: -5.90 to -2.61,
0.001, respectively); however, there was no change with treadmill running (WMD: -1.10 kg, 95% CI: -2.82 to 0.62,
0.210). There was a significant reduction in BF% with HIIT (all modalities combined) compared to control (WMD: -1.53%, 95% CI: -2.13, -0.92,
0.001). All forms of HIIT also decreased BF%; however, overground running induced the largest overall effect (WMD: -2.80%, 95% CI: -3.89 to -1.71,
0.001). All types of HIIT combined also induced an overall significant improvement in FFM (WMD: 0.51 kg, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.95,
0.025); however, only cycling interventions resulted in a significant increase in FFM compared to other exercise modalities (WMD: 0.63 kg, 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.09,
0.007). Additional subgroup analyses suggest that training for more than 8 weeks, at least 3 sessions per week, with work intervals less than 60 s duration and separated by ≤90 s active recovery are more effective for eliciting favorable body composition changes. Results from this meta-analysis demonstrate favorable body composition outcomes following HIIT (all modalities combined) with overall reductions in BF% and FM and improved FFM observed. Overall, cycling-based HIIT may confer the greatest effects on body composition due to its ability to reduce BF% and FM while increasing FFM.
Research has shown that both dark chocolate and exercise training may have favorable effects on antioxidant function in obese cohorts. However, their combined effect has not been established. We ...assessed the influences of six weeks of dark chocolate consumption combined with jump rope exercise on antioxidant markers in adolescent boys with obesity. Fifty adolescent boys with obesity (age = 15 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned into one of four groups; jump rope exercise + white chocolate consumption (JW; n = 13), jump rope exercise + dark chocolate consumption (JD; n = 13), dark chocolate consumption (DC; n = 12), or control (C; n = 12). Two participants dropped out of the study. Participants in JW and JD groups performed jump rope exercise three times per week for six weeks. Participants in the DC and JD groups consumed 30 g of dark chocolate containing 83% of cocoa during the same period. Serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated prior to and after the interventions. All 3 intervention groups noted significant (p < 0.01) increases in serum concentrations of TAC, SOD, and GPx from baseline to post-test. In contrast, all intervention groups showed significantly reduced serum concentrations of TBARS from pre- to post-test (p ≤ 0.01). Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed that post-test serum concentrations of TAC in the JD group were significantly greater than C (p < 0.001), DC (p = 0.010), and JW (p < 0.001) groups. In addition, post-test serum concentrations of SOD in the JD group were significantly greater than C group (p = 0.001). Post-test serum concentrations of GPx in the JD group were significantly greater than C (p < 0.001), DC (p = 0.021), and JW (p = 0.032) groups. The post-test serum concentrations of TBARS in the JD group was significantly lower than C (p < 0.001). No other significant between-group differences were observed. The current study provides evidence that dark chocolate consumption in combination with jump rope exercise is more efficient in improving antioxidant capacity than dark chocolate consumption or jump rope exercise alone among obese adolescent boys.
PDF
