We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) ...profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH4 emissions, whereas CH4 yield (g of CH4/kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis-monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH4 emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH4 emissions in this study.
The importance of a judicious and unerring abutment tooth preparation in the field of prosthodontics has always been paramount. It is not uncommon for many clinicians to face challenges during ...laboratory fabrication of fixed prostheses, caused due to inappropriate occlusal clearance and over axial wall taper of the abutment tooth. With evolving technologies and methods, the modus operandi for attaining such tooth preparation is varying; however, every technique has its own shortcomings. The technique mentioned in the article is cost-effective as it uses modified Heister mouth gag forceps to achieve the desired objective of evaluating the prepared abutment morphology three-dimensionally with minimum chairside time.
The noncovalent host-guest interactions of the cationic (AcH
) and neutral (Ac) forms of an acridine dye with macrocyclic hosts such as cucurbit7uril (CB7) and cucurbit8uril (CB8) have been ...investigated to evaluate the effect of cavity size on the photophysical properties and the protolytic equilibrium of the acridine dye. The cationic form undergoes significant complexation with CB7 (K
= 10
M
), causing a sharp decrease in the fluorescence intensity, whereas the neutral Ac form of the dye undergoes weak complexation with CB7 (K
= 10
M
) and the binding constant is lowered by three orders of magnitude compared to that of the CB7-AcH
system. The Job plot revealed that both forms form a 1 : 1 complex with CB7. On the other hand, the AcH
form shows strong emission quenching on interaction with CB8 and the formation of the 1 : 2 CB8 : AcH
complex has been confirmed from the Job plot. The strong affinity of CB7 and CB8 to the protonated form resulted in a large upward pK
shift (ΔpK
∼ 3.4 units for CB7 and ∼1.3 units for CB8) in the dye. Taking advantage of the above modulations in the fluorescence and pK
values, adamantylamine-induced fluorescence regeneration, controlled pK
tuning and dye relocation from the CB7 cavity to cell lines have been established for the first time, which find potential applications in fluorescence off-on sensing and drug delivery.
The host-guest interactions and the consequent modulation in the prototropic equilibrium of a phenazine dye, neutral red, with p-sulfonatocalix4arene (SCX4) and p-sulfonatocalix6arene (SCX6) ...macrocyclic hosts have been investigated. Both the neutral (NR) and cationic (NRH
) forms of dyes formed inclusion complexes with SCX6, with a larger binding constant for the latter (K = 8.6 × 10
M
versus 4.8 × 10
M
) due to the cation receptor behavior of the calixarenes. The distinct differences in the binding constant of NR and NRH
provided a finite tuning of pK
between 6.5 and 8.8, through a competitive binding with metal ions. Importantly, the fluorescence quenching observed in the SCX-neutral red interactions stands in contrast to the fluorescence enhancement observed with other macrocyclic hosts, such as β-cyclodextrin and cucurbit7uril. This is due to the unique portal stacking interaction of NRH
with the SCXs, compared to the axial inclusion geometry documented for the other macrocycles. The electron transfer from the SCX to the neutral red dye is adjudged to be the effective excited-state relaxation pathway leading to fluorescence quenching. In combination with the metal-ion induced fluorescence regeneration and tuning the pK
value, the SCX-neutral red system finds potential applications in drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, catalysis, and sensor applications.
BACKGROUND: Individuals with both diabetes mellitus (DM) and TB infection are at higher risk of progressing to TB disease.OBJECTIVE: To determine DM prevalence in populations at high risk for latent ...TB infection (LTBI) and to identify the most accurate point-of-care
(POC) method for DM screening.METHODS: Adults aged ≥25 years were recruited at health department clinics in Hawaii and Arizona, USA, and screened for LTBI and DM. Screening methods for DM included self-report, random blood glucose (RBG), and POC hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Using
HbA1c ≥6.5% or self-reported history as the gold standard for DM, we compared test strategies to determine the most accurate method while keeping test costs low.RESULTS: Of 472 participants, 13% had DM and half were unaware of their diagnosis. Limiting HbA1c testing to ages ≥30
years with a RBG level of 120-180 mg/dL helped identify most participants with DM (sensitivity 85%, specificity 99%) at an average test cost of US$2.56 per person compared to US$9.56 per person using HbA1c for all patients.CONCLUSION: Self-report was insufficient
to determine DM status because many participants were previously undiagnosed. Using a combination of POC RBG and HbA1c provided an inexpensive option to assess DM status in persons at high risk for LTBI.
We report a case of bilateral mitochondrial optic neuropathies secondary to long-term linezolid treatment, show the nature of recovery, review the findings in the literature and propose a potential ...mitochondrial mechanism for linezolid-induced mitochondrial optic neuropathy. This is an observational case report and literature review with presentation of the clinical course of linezolid mitochondrial optic neuropathies through clinical and psychophysical documentation. Main outcome measures included: visual acuity, funduscopical examinations and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (PRNFL) optical coherence tomography (OCT). A 6-year-old boy presented with bilateral optic neuropathies secondary to 1 year of linezolid treatment for osteomyelitis of the mandible. On presentation, visual acuities were 20/400 in both eyes, with considerable optic disc oedema, hyperaemia and PRNFL swelling confirmed by OCT. 2 weeks after the discontinuation of linezolid, visual acuities returned to 20/25 in both eyes, with reduction in the optic disc oedema, hyperaemia and PRNFL swelling. 3 months after the discontinuation of linezolid treatment, visual acuities were stable at 20/20 in both eyes, with a marked decrease in PRNFL swelling confirmed by OCT, and the development of mild temporal optic disc pallor in both eyes. Doctors should be aware of impairments of vision among patients on long-term linezolid treatment and promptly discontinue treatment to prevent irreversible vision loss. The development and resolution of bilateral optic neuropathies with considerable PRNFL swelling in this patient provide insight into the more general rubric of mitochondrial optic neuropathies.
Is management a profession? Should it be? Can it be? This major work of social and intellectual history reveals how such questions have driven business education and shaped American management and ...society for more than a century. The book is also a call for reform. Rakesh Khurana shows that university-based business schools were founded to train a professional class of managers in the mold of doctors and lawyers but have effectively retreated from that goal, leaving a gaping moral hole at the center of business education and perhaps in management itself. Khurana begins in the late nineteenth century, when members of an emerging managerial elite, seeking social status to match the wealth and power they had accrued, began working with major universities to establish graduate business education programs paralleling those for medicine and law. Constituting business as a profession, however, required codifying the knowledge relevant for practitioners and developing enforceable standards of conduct. Khurana, drawing on a rich set of archival material from business schools, foundations, and academic associations, traces how business educators confronted these challenges with varying strategies during the Progressive era and the Depression, the postwar boom years, and recent decades of freewheeling capitalism.
To determine the incidence of endophthalmitis following 25-gauge and standard 20-gauge vitrectomy.
In this single-centre retrospective interventional case series, we evaluated the incidence of acute ...endophthalmitis occurring within the 14-day postoperative period in all patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy between 1 November 2002 and 31 December 2006. A total of 3477 consecutive patients were identified. Of them, 3046 patients underwent 20-gauge vitrectomy and 431 underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy.
The event rates of postoperative endophthalmitis were 0.03% (1 of 3046) after 20-gauge vitrectomy and 0.23% (1 of 431) after 25-gauge vitrectomy (P=0.23). In the endophthalmitis case that occurred after 25-gauge vitrectomy, a combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery was performed with the 25-gauge vitrectomy. Analyses of event rates of postoperative endophthalmitis after combining phacoemulsification cataract surgery and vitrectomy were 0% (0 of 170) for 20-gauge vitrectomy and 2.17% (1 of 46) for 25-gauge surgery vitrectomy (P=0.21).
The incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis following 25-gauge vitrectomy and 20-gauge surgery is low. Although there is a trend suggesting an increased risk of endophthalmitis with the 25-gauge system, this difference was not statistically significant given the low number of measured outcomes.
PDF
