Spelt (Triticum spelta L.), also known as dinkel wheat, or hulled wheat is one of the oldest crops. It originates from Asia. In Europe spelt was very important cereal during the Bronze Age and the ...Middle Ages. After the processing grains for food, biomass lags as a by-product or waste. Rising fossil fuel prices and increasing concerns about climate change are creating a growing demand for new sources of raw material for biomass combustion for sustainable heat production. In recent years studies have shown the positive effects of the use of agricultural residues for energy production. Grains of Spelt are processed into various purposes, while the chaff, glumes and stems remain as a by-product. Therefore, it is important to carry out research in order to determine energy characteristics of chaff, glumes and stems. This paper examined the two Spelt varieties: Bc Vigor and Ostro. Collected and homogenized samples were analysed by the energy characteristics: high (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values of chaff, glumes and stems were determined by standard methods. The results obtained in this research showed that, after the use of Spelt grain for food, chaff, glumes and stems are representing by-product but also it is a high-quality raw material for energy production because of its high calorific values: the upper heating value in BcVigor stem was 17.367 MJ/kg and 17.224 MJ/kg in the Ostro stem, 16.402 MJ/kg in the Ostro chaff and glumes and 16.650 MJ/kg in the BcVigor chaff and glumes. Keywords: biomass; energy; environmental protection; Spelt Pir, krupnik ili dinkel (Lat. Triticum spelta) jedna je od najstarijih zitarica, a potjece iz Azije. Od broncanog doba do srednjeg vijeka u Europi je bio vrlo vazna zitarica. Nakon upotrebe zrna u prehrambene svrhe ostaje biomasa pira kao nusproizvod odnosno otpad. Rastuce cijene fosilnih goriva i sve vece zabrinutosti oko klimatskih promjena stvaraju sve vecu potraznju za novim izvorima sirovine za odrzivu proizvodnju topline. U posljednjih nekoliko godina istrazivanja su pokazala pozitivne ucinke uporabe poljoprivrednih ostataka za proizvodnju energije. Zrno pira preraduje se u razlicite svrhe, dok pljeve, pljevice te stabljika zaostaju kao nusproizvod odnosno ostatak u proizvodnji. Stoga je znacajno provesti istrazivanje kako bi se utvrdila energetska (goriva) svojstva pljeve i pljevice te stabljike pira. U radu su obuhvacene dvije sorte pira BcVigor i Ostro. Nakon prikupljenih i homogeniziranih uzoraka za svaku sortu odredene su gornje i donje ogrjevne vrijednosti (Hg i Hd). Rezultati dobiveni u ovom istrazivanju pokazali su da su pljeve i pljevice te stabljika pira, kao ostatak nakon upotrebe zrna u prehrambene svrhe, vrlo kvalitetna sirovina za proizvodnju energije zbog svoje visoke ogrjevne vrijednosti: gornja ogrijevna vrijednost stabljike sorte BcVigor iznosi 17.367 MJ/kg, a stabljike sorte Ostro 17.224 MJ/kg dok gornja ogrijevna vrijednost pljeve i pljevice sorte Ostro iznosi 16.402 MJ/kg, a sorte BcVigor 16.650 MJ/kg. Kljucne rijeci: biomasa; energija; pir; zastita okolisa
Spelt (Triticum spelta L.), also known as dinkel wheat, or hulled wheat is one of the oldest crops. It originates from Asia. In Europe spelt was very important cereal during the Bronze Age and the ...Middle Ages. After the processing grains for food, biomass lags as a by-product or waste. Rising fossil fuel prices and increasing concerns about climate change are creating a growing demand for new sources of raw material for biomass combustion for sustainable heat production. In recent years studies have shown the positive effects of the use of agricultural residues for energy production. Grains of Spelt are processed into various purposes, while the chaff, glumes and stems remain as a by-product. Therefore, it is important to carry out research in order to determine energy characteristics of chaff, glumes and stems. This paper examined the two Spelt varieties: Bc Vigor and Ostro. Collected and homogenized samples were analysed by the energy characteristics: high (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values of chaff, glumes and stems were determined by standard methods. The results obtained in this research showed that, after the use of Spelt grain for food, chaff, glumes and stems are representing by-product but also it is a high-quality raw material for energy production because of its high calorific values: the upper heating value in BcVigor stem was 17.367 MJ/kg and 17.224 MJ/kg in the Ostro stem, 16.402 MJ/kg in the Ostro chaff and glumes and 16.650 MJ/kg in the BcVigor chaff and glumes.
Tourism is one of the most important economic activity in Croatia. At the same time
tourism sector has a major impact on the environment, which is especially expressed through
an increase in the ...amount of waste generated during the tourist season. Environmental
pollution in tourist areas is a common problem due to the large number of people and due to
the various activities. Inadequate disposal of waste from hotels and rest areas leads not only to
environmental pollution but also to health problems related to pests and infectious diseases.
The problem of sustainable waste management is a slight resistance and misunderstanding
by entrepreneurs in tourism, due to the common popular opinion that the most important
thing is to make a big profit. Environmental protection comes last, although there are many
examples of corporate social responsibility and environmental investment in tourism. Such
an example is the company Ilirija d.d. In the case study their business and their activities
related to waste management were investigated. The goal of the paper is to analyze the amount
of waste produced for one year and explore the extent to which Ilirija resort d.d. business is
environmentally responsible. The aim is also to investigate the impact of the tourism sector
on environmental pollution and the role of waste generated in the this sector in the ecological
crisis. The quantities of waste produced in 2018 were monitored and analyzed throughout
all twelve months compared to the number of overnight stays. The following data collection
methods were used in this study: review of company documents, interviews, surveys and field
observations. The results have shown that the increase in the number of tourists increases
the amount of waste during the tourist season, as well as preparations for the new season. In
conclusion, guidelines and proposed measures for waste reduction will be given.
Slaughterhouse waste can be very dangerous and potential risk for animal and human health. Brains and spinal cords are deemed high-risk substances and can be infected with prions; their treatment is ...therefore only possible in strictly controlled conditions. One of the methods which can achieve the necessary reduction in health risk is alkaline hydrolysis. Standard alkaline hydrolysis is at 150degreesC, 3-6 hours, and 4 bars. In this investigation focus was on different alkaline conditions: temperature (135degreesC, 150degreesC, 153degreesC), time (2, 3, 6 hours), and base (NaOH and KOH) due to the fact that amino acids are sensitive to variations on temperature, pressure and base media. Analyzed amino acid composition of hydrolyzed material at different testing conditions show successful hydrolysis. The highest value of protein, which is generally relatively low, was achieved with NaOH at a temperature of 135degreesC and time of 2 hours, whereas in the reaction with KOH the highest obtained value was achieved at 150degreesC and 3 hours. The dry substance was increasing with time, and the highest value was achieved at the temperature of 150degreesC and time 6 hours for both bases (NaOH, and KOH). Most of the amino acids went full racemization during the process; especially in D-amino acids like aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tryptophan and isoleucine. Lysine shows higher resistance to alkaline medium than other amino acids. Isolation of certain amino acids, like: asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine, is possible because they show higher concentrations in hydrolysates.
The present paper investigates the effectiveness of different levels of applied digested residue obtained after anaerobic digestion (AD) of meat-bone meal (MBM) on the morphologic and mineral ...characteristics of corn. The experiment was conducted in duration of two years and consisted of eight treatments: control (without any fertilizer); mineral fertilization only; treatments with minimum, medium and maximum dosage of digested MBM; fertilization of minimum, medium and maximum dosages of AD residue combined with mineral fertilizer. By combination of treatments with mineral fertilizer and different rates of AD residue, plants increased mass yield, they were larger and had more leaves. Content of mineral substances was within average values, both in plant material and in kernel, and variations in values were conditioned by total mass and ion interactions. MBM after AD treatment is possible to be applied as organic fertilizer. It has higher nutritive value and, as such, is suitable for treatment of agricultural plants, especially in crop production.
These investigations aimed to determine influence of the changes in relative humidity and temperature in storage facilities on the moisture in grain of stored soybean and maize. Soybean ("Podravka ...95" variety) and maize ("OSSK 644" hybrid) were stored during 34 days at the temperatures of 0 degree C and 20 degree C, and relative humidity of 55%, 73%, 80% and 98%. At the temperature of 0 degree C and relative humidity of 55% and 73%, moisture in soybean grain decreased, 2.4% and 1.9%, while at the relative humidity of 80% and 98% it increased, 0.2% and 0.6% after 34 days storage. At the temperature of 20 degree C and relative humidity of 55% and 73%, moisture in soybean grain decreased 4.0% and 0.7%, while at the relative humidity of 80% and 98% it increased 0.8% and 2.3%, as following. During 34 days storage at 0 degree C and relative humidity of 55%, moisture in maize grain decreased 0.2%, while at the relative humidity of 73%, 80% and 98% it increased 0.4%, 1% and 1.5%. At the temperature of 20 degree C and relative humidity of 55%, moisture in maize grain decreased 1.5% and at the relative humidity of 73%, 80% and 98% increased, 0.2%, 0.9% and 1.7%. Such investigations enable additional insights into the rate of changes in grain, and the influence on the grain viability in changed storage conditions.
A presentation of the segmentation and extraction process of CT (Computed Tomography) images, using self-organizing neural networks has been given. The image features have been used during ...segmentation process and adopted for each pixel on image. The origin of the features, used in this paper, are the scaled differential-geometrical features which are the entering data for neural network. Neural network, after training, dissipates the pixels into one of the image regions.
U radu su prikazani rezultati trogodišnjih poljskih pokusa (2013. – 2015.), s ciljem utvrđivanja utjecaja navodnjavanja, gnojidbe dušikom i sorte te njihove interakcije na prinos i kemijska svojstva ...zrna soje. Ispitivane su četiri sorte soje (Lucija, Vita, Ika i Tena) različitih grupa zriobe kao pod‐podčimbenik (C). Analizom varijance utvrđeno je da se glavni čimbenik (A – navodnjavanje) statistički vrlo značajno (P≤0,01) odrazio na prinos zrna u svima trima godinama. Podčimbenik (B – gnojidba dušikom) imao je utjecaja na prinos zrna zavisno o godini istraživanja, dok je pod‐podčimbenik (C – sorta) značajno utjecao na sva ispitivana svojstva. Interakcije čimbenika i njihova značajnost razlikovale su se prema godini istraživanja. Ostvareni prinos zrna u 2013. godini (3883 kg ha-1) ukazuje na veliko značenje međusobnoga djelovanja svih čimbenika. Tijekom istraživanja utvrđene su korelacije između prinosa sjemena i koncentracije bjelančevina i ulja.
Excessive use of fossil fuels has an extremely negative impact on the environment and climate because it results in toxic gas emission into the atmosphere. The negative effects of the fossil fuels ...use leads to distinctive need for renewable energy sources that affect environmental pollution less. One of little-used renewable energy source today is biomass. Biomass combustion chambers have been so perfected that we can say that the combustion of biomass (as far as work and serving) equals the combustion of coal or even liquid fuels. The study was conducted in Croatian tobacco factory on the tobacco dryer combustion chambers at 'A' and 'B', with the aim of justified introduction of new chambers as new technological measures. In addition to increasing the income, measures taken to lower drying costs are as important. Such measures are of great importance for the development of certain regions, employment and Republic of Croatia entrepreneurship promotion.
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