With the increasing demand for unlicensed spectrum, several regulators have been opening up the 6-GHz band for unlicensed use while ensuring compliance with the technical requirement to avoid harmful ...interference in the existing primary services (PSs). In this paper, we present two methodologies, a channel-based method and a frequency-based method, which are applicable to a frequency coordination system that calculates the permissible transmit power in the channels or frequencies available to a secondary service (SS). In addition, we have demonstrated that the available transmit power of an SS can be maximized by adjusting the power allocation of the assigned resource units under the condition that the channel of the SS is partially overlapped with that of the PS. Based on the analysis results, it is suggested that it would be better to utilize the two methods selectively according to the operating channel conditions of the PS and the SS.
With the increasing demand for unlicensed spectrum, several regulators have been opening up the 6‐GHz band for unlicensed use while ensuring compliance with the technical requirement to avoid harmful ...interference in the existing primary services (PSs). In this paper, we present two methodologies, a channel‐based method and a frequency‐based method, which are applicable to a frequency coordination system that calculates the permissible transmit power in the channels or frequencies available to a secondary service (SS). In addition, we have demonstrated that the available transmit power of an SS can be maximized by adjusting the power allocation of the assigned resource units under the condition that the channel of the SS is partially overlapped with that of the PS. Based on the analysis results, it is suggested that it would be better to utilize the two methods selectively according to the operating channel conditions of the PS and the SS.
As wireless communication continues to develop in limited frequency resource environments, it is becoming important to identify the state of spectrum utilization and predict the amount needed in ...future. It is essential to collect reliable information for data analysis. This paper introduces a platform that enables the gathering of the scheduling information of a long‐term evolution (LTE) cellular system without connecting to the network. A typical LTE terminal can confirm its assigned resource information using the configuration parameters delivered from a network. However, our platform receives and captures only the LTE signal over the air and then enables the estimation of the data relevant to scheduling for all terminals within an LTE cell. After extracting the control channel signal without loss from all LTE subframes, it detects valid downlink control information using the proposed algorithm, which is based on the error vector magnitude of depatterned symbols. We verify the reliability of the developed platform by comparing it with real data from mobile phones and service operators. The average difference in resource block utilization is only 0.28%.
As wireless communication continues to develop in limited frequency resource environments, it is becoming important to identify the state of spectrum utilization and predict the amount needed in ...future. It is essential to collect reliable information for data analysis. This paper introduces a platform that enables the gathering of the scheduling information of a long-term evolution (LTE) cellular system without connecting to the network. A typical LTE terminal can confirm its assigned resource information using the configuration parameters delivered from a network. However, our platform receives and captures only the LTE signal over the air and then enables the estimation of the data relevant to scheduling for all terminals within an LTE cell. After extracting the control channel signal without loss from all LTE subframes, it detects valid downlink control information using the proposed algorithm, which is based on the error vector magnitude of depatterned symbols. We verify the reliability of the developed platform by comparing it with real data from mobile phones and service operators. The average difference in resource block utilization is only 0.28%.
Background:
This phase III, controlled, patient-blinded, multicentre study in two parallel, equal-sized treatment groups compared the efficacy and safety of TISSEEL Lyo, fibrin sealant versus Manual ...Compression (MC) with surgical gauze pads for use as a haemostatic agent in patients who underwent vascular surgery in Russia.
Methods:
Adult patients, both genders, who received peripheral vascular expanded polytetrafluoroethylene conduits and had suture line bleeding after surgical haemostasis were enrolled. Patients were randomized to be treated with TISSEEL Lyo or MC. The bleeding needed additional treatment and had to be assessed as grade 1 or 2 bleeding according to the Validated Intraoperative Bleeding scale. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving haemostasis at 4 min after treatment application (T4) at the study suture line, which was maintained until the closure of the surgical wound. The secondary efficacy endpoints included the proportion of patients achieving haemostasis at 6 min (T6) and 10 min (T10) after treatment application at the study suture line, which was maintained until closure of the surgical wound, as well as the proportion of patients with intraoperative and postoperative rebleeding. Safety outcomes included incidence of adverse events (AEs), surgical site infections and graft occlusions.
Results:
A total of 110 patients were screened; 104 patients were randomized: (TISSEEL Lyo: 51 49% patients; MC: 53 51% patients). T4 haemostasis was achieved in 43 (84.3%) patients in the TISSEEL Lyo group and in 11 (20.8%) patients in the MC group (p < 0.001). Significantly more patients in TISSEEL Lyo group achieved the haemostasis at T6 (relative risk (RR) of achieving haemostasis 1.74 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37; 2.35) and T10 (RR 1.18 95% CI 1.05; 1.38) versus MC. No one had intraoperative rebleeding. Postoperative rebleeding was reported only in one patient in the MC group. No treatment-emergent serious AEs (TESAEs) related to TISSEEL Lyo/MC, TESAEs leading to withdrawal and TESAEs leading to death were reported in patients during the study.
Conclusions:
Data demonstrated TISSEEL Lyo had clinically and statistically significant superiority to MC as a haemostatic agent in vascular surgery at all measured time points including 4, 6 and 10 min and had proven to be safe.
This paper deals with the issues of an important ethnic trait through the reflection in the Russian language and in the speech behavior of native speakers. This trait is focused around the need for ...actualization of «participation» or complicity in speech and social behavior as an invisible connection established in the inner world of the subject of the relationship of participation with other persons, animals, objects, spatial and social objects and even eras and ideas. The developed semantics of participation in the Russian language reflects the cultural universal concept of «own/foreign». L. Levy-Bruhl studied one member of that opposition theoretically and on the basis of extensive empirical material created the anthropological theory of participation. Russian linguists V. V. Ivanov, Yu. D. Apresyan, V. S. Khrakovsky and A. P. Volodin, I. I. Kovtunova studied concepts associated with the notion of participation in the mid‑1980s using the material of Russian deixis and the category of possessiveness. In the Russian language, the semantics of participation is expressed by various linguistic means: the means of verbal and pronominal deixis, diminutives, possessive syntactic constructions and affixes, words with the semantics of emotional attitude and assistance
Most recent mobile multimedia devices, such as smart phones, laptops and tablet PCs, are equipped with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi interfaces for broadband wireless Internet access. The multimedia applications ...utilized by end users strongly require guaranteed QoS. Resource availability checking during initial connection establishment and seamless handover is essential under such conditions. Several analytical models of IEEE 802.11 WLAN have been proposed to estimate achievable throughput. However, they do not consider rate adaptations with multi-rate retry and individual channel conditions of each station. This paper proposes a realistic model to estimate achievable throughput considering Minstrel rate adaptation and multi-rate retry chain. The proposed model also considers each station individually, since stations may have different frame error rates in a real environment and thus, select different physical rates for frame delivery. Frame error rates are carefully read from the hardware registers of each station and applied to the model for enhanced accuracy. The correctness of the proposed model was verified through a series of experiments in a real testbed environment with up to 20 stations with MadWiFi interface cards. The proposed model shows accurate results in terms of aggregated and per-station throughput in various channel conditions.
Mobile health (mHealth) approaches are already having a fundamental impact on clinical practice in cardiovascular medicine. A variety of different health apps and wearable devices for capturing ...health data such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) exist. However, most mHealth technologies focus on distinct variables without integrating patients' quality of life, and the impact on clinical outcome measures of implementing those digital solutions into cardiovascular health care is still to be determined.
Within this document, we describe the TeleWear project, which was recently initiated as an approach for contemporary patient management integrating mobile-collected health data and the standardized mHealth-guided measurement of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with cardiovascular disease.
The specifically designed mobile app and clinical frontend form the central elements of our TeleWear infrastructure. Because of its flexible framework, the platform allows far-reaching customization with the possibility to add different mHealth data sources and respective questionnaires (patient-reported outcome measures).
With initial focus on patients with cardiac arrhythmias, a feasibility study is currently carried out to assess wearable-recorded ECG and PRO transmission and its evaluation by physicians using the TeleWear app and clinical frontend. First experiences made during the feasibility study yielded positive results and confirmed the platform's functionality and usability.
TeleWear represents a unique mHealth approach comprising PRO and mHealth data capturing. With the currently running TeleWear feasibility study, we aim to test and further develop the platform in a real-world setting. A randomized controlled trial including patients with atrial fibrillation that investigates PRO- and ECG-based clinical management based on the established TeleWear infrastructure will evaluate its clinical benefits. Widening the spectrum of health data collection and interpretation beyond the ECG and use of the TeleWear infrastructure in different patient subcohorts with focus on cardiovascular diseases are further milestones of the project with the ultimate goal to establish a comprehensive telemedical center entrenched by mHealth.
Reliable and QoS-aware multimedia delivery is one of the most important requirements to satisfy end user needs. IEEE 802.11 networks have become one of the most popular Internet access methods owing ...to their low-cost and fast connection speed. Multicasting is a transmission technique that can significantly increase network efficiency through the simultaneous delivery of the same multimedia content to multiple multicast group members. IEEE 802.11 describes several multicast protocols targeted to increase the robustness of audio and video delivery. Some researchers have investigated the performance of such multicast protocols in terms of their achievable throughput. However, for a better understanding of the suitability of the protocols for a QoS-aware multimedia transmission, an in-depth analysis of the achievable delay is needed. This study provides a detailed delay analysis and describes analytical models for estimating the average achievable delay of IEEE 802.11 multicast protocols co-existing with legacy stations. The proposed analytical models are compared against simulation results under various conditions and parameter configurations. The simulation results validate the accuracy of the proposed models.
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