Past research has shown that personality traits relate to body weight, but this relationship may be confounded by unobserved family-level characteristics such as genetic endowments.
The purpose of ...this study was to investigate whether the association between personality traits, as measured by the Big Five taxonomy, and body weight among young adults is spurious owing to shared family background.
Participants were drawn from the full (n = 14,366) and family (n = 2813) samples of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). The study employed family-fixed effects to eliminate shared family background factors that might affect personality traits and body weight simultaneously.
Among the Big Five personality traits, only conscientiousness showed a robust association with body weight, including body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk. These results were robust to adjustments for family-fixed effects, which indicates that the association between conscientiousness and body weight is generally not confounded by unobserved family-level characteristics shared by siblings. A one-standard-deviation increase in conscientiousness was associated with a decrease in BMI by 0.89 (equivalent to a 2.5 kg decrease in weight for an individual with an average height of the sample) and a 12% reduction in the probability of being obese. This study also found some suggestive evidence of gender and racial/ethnic differences. The association between conscientiousness and obesity was larger and statistically significant only for women, and conscientiousness was most strongly associated with obesity among Hispanic people.
Conscientiousness is associated with decreased body weight net of unobserved background characteristics that are shared by siblings. The results suggest that interventions that develop personality traits may have “spillover effects”; in other words, they may also help reduce obesity.
•The study examines the relationship between personality traits and body weight.•Family fixed effects model is employed to control for unobserved family background.•Only conscientiousness shows a robust association with both BMI and obesity risk.•Conscientiousness is more strongly associated with obesity risk among Hispanics.•The association between conscientiousness and obesity is larger for women than men.
This paper proposes a decentralized energy management system for the coordinated operation of networked microgirds (MGs) in a distribution system. In the grid-connected mode, the distribution network ...operator and each MG are considered as distinct entities with individual objectives to minimize their own operation costs. It is assumed that both dispatchable and renewable energy source-based distributed generators (DGs) exist in the distribution network and the networked MGs. In order to coordinate the operation of all entities, we apply a decentralized bi-level algorithm to solve the problem with the first level to conduct negotiations among all entities and the second level to update the non-converging penalties. In the islanded mode, the objective of each MG is to maintain a reliable power supply to its customers. In order to take into account the uncertainties of DG outputs and load consumption, we formulate the problems as two-stage stochastic programs. The first stage is to determine base generation setpoints based on the forecasts and the second stage is to adjust the generation outputs based on the realized scenarios. Case studies of a distribution system with networked MGs demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in both grid-connected and islanded modes.
An unprecedented protocol for cyanation at arene C−H bonds has been developed by employing N,N-dimethylformamide and ammonia as a combined source for the cyano “CN” unit. Isotopic incorporation ...experiments revealed that the carbon and nitrogen of the “CN” originate from the N,N-dimethyl moiety of DMF and ammonia, respectively. The present cyanation reaction shows an excellent degree of regioselectivity, producing only monosubstituted nitriles at the less hindered C−H position, and it allows for the preparation of doubly labeled nitrile compounds for the first time.
Aromatic nitriles are prepared efficiently through transition‐metal‐mediated cyanation of aryl (pseudo)halides with metallic cyano‐group sources, such as CuCN, KCN, NaCN, Zn(CN)2, TMSCN, or ...K4Fe(CN)6. However, this approach often suffers from drawbacks, such as the formation of stoichiometric amounts of metal waste, the poisoning of the metal catalysts, or the generation of toxic HCN gas. As a result, a range of “nonmetallic” organic cyano‐group sources have been explored for the cyanation of aryl halides and arene CH bonds. This Minireview summarizes types of nonmetallic cyano‐group sources and their applications in the preparation of aryl nitriles.
Introducing CN: Recently, a range of nonmetallic organic cyano‐group precursors (see scheme) have been developed as attractive alternatives to metal cyanides that have been frequently employed in the catalytic cyanation of aryl halides. This Minireview summarizes the development of organic cyano‐group precursors and their application in the cyanation of aryl halides, boronates, boronic acids, arene carboxylic acids, and (hetero)arene CH bonds.
Recently, various fruitful organic reactions such as a catalytic Mitsunobu reaction were reported by virtue of alkyl 2-phenylazocarboxylates, however, the synthesis of alkyl 2-phenylazocarboxylates ...largely depended on the stoichiometric use of toxic oxidants. In this manuscript, an environment-friendly aerobic oxidative transformation of alkyl 2-phenylhydrazinecarboxylates to alkyl 2-phenylazocarboxylates is disclosed. The use of CuCl and DMAP system efficiently catalyzed the aerobic oxidation of alkyl 2-phenylhydrazinecarboxylates under mild conditions. The reaction rate of the present Cu-catalysis was much faster than that of the previously reported Fe-catalysis, and a variety of azo products were synthesized within 3 h. The present protocol was effective on larger scale. It was observed that the produced azo compound could undergo various reactions without isolation through one-pot sequential protocols.
It was recently noted that the analytical expression (20a) in the paper titled "Centralized Random Backoff for Collision Resolution in Wi-Fi Networks" is incorrect, although the analytical results ...presented in the figures (e.g. Fig. 14b) are correct. The error looks significant. In order to correct equation (20a), it should be re-written as presented in this comment. This modification is essential in order to exactly produce the analytic results in the figures in the paper.
The cyanation of aromatic boronic acids, boronate esters, and borate salts was developed under copper-mediated oxidative conditions using ammonium iodide and DMF as the source of nitrogen and carbon ...atom of the cyano unit, respectively. The procedure was successfully extended to the cyanation of electron-rich benzenes, and regioselective introduction of a cyano group at the arene C–H bonds was also achieved. The observation that the reaction proceeds via a two-step process, initial iodination and then cyanation, led us to propose that ammonium iodide plays a dual role to provide iodide and nitrogen atom of the cyano moiety.
This paper proposes a novel Microgrid (MG) planning methodology to decide optimal locations, sizes and mix of dispatchable and intermittent distributed generators (DGs). The long-term costs in the ...proposed planning model include investment, operation and maintenance (O&M), fuel and emission costs of DGs while the revenue includes payment by MG loads and utility grid. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer program (MIP) considering the probabilistic nature of DG outputs and load consumption, wherein the costs are minimized and profits are maximized. The model is transformed to be a two-stage robust optimization problem. A column and constraint generation (CCG) framework is used to solve the problem. Compared with conventional MG planning approaches, the proposed model is more practical in that it fully considers the system uncertainties and only requires a deterministic uncertainty set, rather than a probability distribution of uncertain data which is difficult to obtain. Case studies of a MG with wind turbines, photovoltaic generators (PVs) and microturbines (MTs) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
A new class of co-catalytic system was developed with homogeneous CuI and di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate for aerobic dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines under mild conditions. The ...developed co-catalytic system is consisting of di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate-mediated dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and aerobic oxidative regeneration of di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate from di-tert-butyl hydrazodicarboxylate using molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant. A variety of quinolines were efficiently synthesized by the developed Cu and di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate co-catalytic system.
Convenient and inexpensive ammonium salts such as NH(4)Cl and aqueous NH(3) solution are found to be readily utilized in the Cu-catalyzed room temperature N-arylation of aryl halides, providing ...N-unprotected aniline derivatives in high yields.
PDF
