Anesthetic agents are known greenhouse gases with hundreds to thousands of times the global warming impact compared with carbon dioxide. We sought to mitigate the negative environmental and financial ...impacts of our practice in the perioperative setting through multidisciplinary staff engagement and provider education on flow rate reduction and volatile agent choice. These efforts led to a 64% per case reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (163 kg in Fiscal Year 2012, compared with 58 kg in Fiscal Year 2015), as well as a cost savings estimate of $25,000 per month.
ABSTRACT The disk instability picture gives a plausible explanation for the behavior of soft X-ray transient systems if self-irradiation of the disk is included. We show that there is a simple ...relation between the peak luminosity (at the start of an outburst) and the decay timescale. We use this relation to place constraints on systems assumed to undergo disk instabilities. The observable X-ray populations of elliptical galaxies must largely consist of long-lived transients, as deduced on different grounds by Piro & Bildsten (2002). The strongly varying X-ray source HLX-1 in the galaxy ESO 243-49 can be modeled as disk instability of a highly super-Eddington stellar-mass binary similar to SS 433. A fit to the disk instability picture is not possible with an intermediate-mass black hole model for HLX-1. Other recently identified super-Eddington ULXs might be subject to disk instability.
Anesthetic agents are known greenhouse gases with hundreds to thousands of times the global warming impact compared with carbon dioxide. We sought to mitigate the negative environmental and financial ...impacts of our practice in the perioperative setting through multidisciplinary staff engagement and provider education on flow rate reduction and volatile agent choice. These efforts led to a 64% per case reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (163 kg in Fiscal Year 2012, compared with 58 kg in Fiscal Year 2015), as well as a cost savings estimate of $25,000 per month.
Aims and objectives
The transition to an agricultural economy is often presumed to involve an increase in female fertility related to changes in weaning practice. In particular, the availability of ...staple crops as complementary foods is hypothesized to allow earlier weaning in agricultural populations. In this study, our primary aim is to explore whether this model fits the agricultural transition in the Atacama Desert using incremental isotopic analysis. A secondary aim of this study is to identify isotopic patterns relating to weaning, and assess how these may be differentiated from those relating to early life stress.
Materials and methods
We use incremental isotopic analysis of dentine to examine changes in δ15N and δ13C values from infancy and childhood in sites of the Arica region (n = 30). We compare individuals from pre‐agricultural and agricultural phases to establish isotopic patterns and relate these patterns to maternal diet, weaning trajectory and physiological stress.
Results
We find that there is no evidence for systematic temporal or geographic variation in incremental isotopic results. Instead, results from all time periods are highly variable, with weaning completed between 1.5 and 3.5 years. Characteristics of the incremental profiles indicate that both in utero and postnatal stress were a common part of the infant experience in the Atacama.
Discussion
In the Atacama Desert it appears that the arrival of agricultural crops did not result in uniform shifts in weaning behavior. Instead, infant and child diet seems to have been dictated by the broad‐spectrum diets of the mothers, perhaps as a way of mitigating the stresses of the harsh desert environment.
This study provides a regional picture of long‐term changes in Atlantic salmon growth at the southern edge of their distribution, using a multi‐population approach spanning 49 years and five ...populations. We provide empirical evidence of salmon life history being influenced by a combination of common signals in the marine environment and population‐specific signals. We identified an abrupt decline in growth from 1976 and a more recent decline after 2005. As these declines have also been recorded in northern European populations, our study significantly expands a pattern of declining marine growth to include southern European populations, thereby revealing a large‐scale synchrony in marine growth patterns for almost five decades. Growth increments during their sea sojourn were characterized by distinct temporal dynamics. At a coarse temporal resolution, growth during the first winter at sea seemed to gradually improve over the study period. However, the analysis of finer seasonal growth patterns revealed ecological bottlenecks of salmon life histories at sea in time and space. Our study reinforces existing evidence of an impact of early marine growth on maturation decision, with small‐sized individuals at the end of the first summer at sea being more likely to delay maturation. However, each population was characterized by a specific probabilistic maturation reaction norm, and a local component of growth at sea in which some populations have better growth in some years might further amplify differences in maturation rate. Differences between populations were smaller than those between sexes, suggesting that the sex‐specific growth threshold for maturation is a well‐conserved evolutionary phenomenon in salmon. Finally, our results illustrate that although most of the gain in length occurs during the first summer at sea, the temporal variability in body length at return is buffered against the decrease in post‐smolt growth conditions. The intricate combination of growth over successive seasons, and its interplay with the maturation decision, could be regulating body length by maintaining diversity in early growth trajectories, life histories, and the composition of salmon populations.
Summary
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphism–based genetic risk scores (GRS) model genetic risk as a continuum and can discriminate coeliac disease but have not been validated in clinic. Human ...leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ gene testing is available in clinic but does not include non‐HLA attributed risk and is limited by discrete risk stratification.
Aims
To accurately characterise both HLA and non‐HLA coeliac disease genetic risk as a single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS and evaluate diagnostic utility.
Methods
We developed a 42 single nucleotide polymorphism coeliac disease GRS from a European case‐control study (12 041 cases vs 12 228 controls) using HLA‐DQ imputation and published genome‐wide association studies. We validated the GRS in UK Biobank (1237 cases) and developed direct genotyping assays. We tested the coeliac disease GRS in a pilot clinical cohort of 128 children presenting with suspected coeliac disease.
Results
The GRS was more discriminative of coeliac disease than HLA‐DQ stratification in UK Biobank (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve ROC‐AUC = 0.88 95% CIs: 0.87‐0.89 vs 0.82 95% CIs: 0.80‐0.83). We demonstrated similar discrimination in the pilot clinical cohort (114 cases vs 40 controls, ROC‐AUC = 0.84 95% CIs: 0.76‐0.91). As a rule‐out test, no children with coeliac disease in the clinical cohort had a GRS below 38th population centile.
Conclusions
A single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS may offer more effective and cost‐efficient testing of coeliac disease genetic risk in comparison to HLA‐DQ stratification. As a comparatively inexpensive test it could facilitate non‐invasive coeliac disease diagnosis but needs detailed assessment in the context of other diagnostic tests and against current diagnostic algorithms.
Anxiety is a common mental health issue among adolescents. Family is one influence on adolescent anxiety that warrants attention. We investigated the relationship between adolescent anxiety, ...demographic, and familial and parental factors using data from the 2017 National Child Health Survey. We found an estimated one adolescent in seven reported anxiety, and nearly one in five reported anxiety related to witnessing family violence. Our study’s findings may aid in the creation of family level programs aimed at preventing and reducing anxiety among adolescents.
Summary
Brown trout, Salmo trutta, exhibit one of the most highly variable and polytypic life‐history strategies of all salmonids. Populations may be wholly freshwater‐resident or almost exclusively ...migratory (anadromous), or fish of a single population may exhibit varying proportions of the two life‐history strategies. Both anadromous and freshwater‐resident trout freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
We quantify maternal reproductive provisioning by anadromous and freshwater‐resident brown trout to their offspring and assess relative parental fitness (in terms of number, size and time of emergence of offspring). Newly emerged juvenile trout (fry) were sampled (n = 119) over the emergence period in March–April 2007 in a lowland English chalk stream; samples of adult trout anadromous (6F : 12M) and freshwater‐resident (22F : 56M), river‐resident trout parr and macroinvertebrate prey were also collected.
Using a novel combination of stable isotope analysis and microsatellite genotyping we demonstrate the overwhelming contribution of anadromous parents (both female and male) to fry production, despite the obvious presence and numerical dominance of resident adults. We unambiguously identify the maternal origins of 78% of juveniles sampled and show that maternal reproductive contribution to juvenile production in the river was higher for anadromous females (76%) than freshwater‐resident fish (2.5%). Offspring of anadromous females emerged earlier and at a larger body size than offspring of resident females. Similarly, while the relative contribution of resident males (37%) was higher than that of resident females, anadromous males sired considerably more offspring (63%) than resident males. This is the first study of its kind to accurately assess the reproductive contribution of anadromous male trout.
Overall, this study suggests that anadromous maternal traits provide offspring with an adaptive advantage and greater fitness in early ontogeny, and that a small number of anadromous females (six of 96 adults sampled) are the main drivers of reproduction in this system.
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