Background. Gambling and gaming disorders have been included as “disorders due to addictive behaviors” in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Other problematic behaviors may be ...considered as “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors (6C5Y).” Methods. Narrative review, experts' opinions. Results. We suggest the following meta-level criteria for considering potential addictive behaviors as fulfilling the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”: 1. Clinical relevance: Empirical evidence from multiple scientific studies demonstrates that the specific potential addictive behavior is clinically relevant and individuals experience negative consequences and functional impairments in daily life due to the problematic and potentially addictive behavior. 2. Theoretical embedding: Current theories and theoretical models belonging to the field of research on addictive behaviors describe and explain most appropriately the candidate phenomenon of a potential addictive behavior. 3. Empirical evidence: Data based on self-reports, clinical interviews, surveys, behavioral experiments, and, if available, biological investigations (neural, physiological, genetic) suggest that psychological (and neurobiological) mechanisms involved in other addictive behaviors are also valid for the candidate phenomenon. Varying degrees of support for problematic forms of pornography use, buying and shopping, and use of social networks are available. These conditions may fit the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”. Conclusion. It is important not to over-pathologize everyday-life behavior while concurrently not trivializing conditions that are of clinical importance and that deserve public health considerations. The proposed meta-level-criteria may help guide both research efforts and clinical practice.
In order to determine the location of the gamma-ray emission site in blazars, we investigate the time-domain relationship between their radio and gamma-ray emission. Light curves for the brightest ...detected blazars from the first 3 yr of the mission of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope are cross-correlated with 4 yr of 15 GHz observations from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40 m monitoring programme. The large sample and long light-curve duration enable us to carry out a statistically robust analysis of the significance of the cross-correlations, which is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations including the uneven sampling and noise properties of the light curves. Modelling the light curves as red noise processes with power-law power spectral densities, we find that only one of 41 sources with high-quality data in both bands shows correlations with significance larger than 3σ (AO 0235+164), with only two more larger than even 2.25σ (PKS 1502+106 and B2 2308+34). Additionally, we find correlated variability in Mrk 421 when including a strong flare that occurred in 2012 July–September. These results demonstrate very clearly the difficulty of measuring statistically robust multiwavelength correlations and the care needed when comparing light curves even when many years of data are used. This should be a caution. In all four sources, the radio variations lag the gamma-ray variations, suggesting that the gamma-ray emission originates upstream of the radio emission. Continuous simultaneous monitoring over a longer time period is required to obtain high significance levels in cross-correlations between gamma-ray and radio variability in most blazars.
The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude and frequency content of surface-measured accelerations at each major human body segment from foot to head during impact landings. Twelve males ...performed two single leg drop landings from each of 0.15 m, 0.30 m, and 0.45 m. Triaxial accelerometers (2000 Hz) were positioned over the: first metatarsophalangeal joint; distal anteromedial tibia; superior to the medial femoral condyle; L5 vertebra; and C6 vertebra. Analysis of acceleration signal power spectral densities revealed two distinct components, 2–14 Hz and 14–58 Hz, which were assumed to correspond to time domain signal joint rotations and elastic wave tissue deformation, respectively. Between each accelerometer position from the metatarsophalangeal joint to the L5 vertebra, signals exhibited decreased peak acceleration, increased time to peak acceleration, and decreased power spectral density integral of both the 2–14 Hz and 14–58 Hz components, with no further attenuation beyond the L5 vertebra. This resulted in peak accelerations close to vital organs of less than 10% of those at the foot. Following landings from greater heights, peak accelerations measured distally were greater, as was attenuation prior to the L5 position. Active and passive mechanisms within the lower limb therefore contribute to progressive attenuation of accelerations, preventing excessive accelerations from reaching the torso and head, even when distal accelerations are large.
We have carried out high-precision photometry on a large number of archival Hubble Space Telescope images of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6752, to search for signs of multiple stellar ...populations. We find a broadened main sequence (MS) and demonstrate that this broadening cannot be attributed either to binaries or to photometric errors. There is also some indication of an MS split. No significant spread could be found along the sub-giant branch, however. Ground-based photometry reveals that in the U versus (U - B) color-magnitude diagram the red-giant branch (RGB) exhibits a clear color spread, which we have been able to correlate with variations in Na and O abundances. In particular, the Na-rich, O-poor stars identified by Carretta et al. define a sequence on the red side of the RGB, while Na-poor, O-rich stars populate a bluer, more dispersed portion of the RGB.
Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the Pacific forms in two distinct pools in the south central and southeast Pacific, which subduct into the ocean interior and impact global storage of heat and ...carbon. Wintertime thickness of the central and eastern SAMW pools vary predominantly out of phase with each other, by up to ±150 m between years, resulting in an interannual thickness see‐saw. The thickness in the eastern (central) pool is found to be strongly positively (negatively) correlated with both the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The relative phases of the SAM and ENSO set the SAMW thickness, with in phase reinforcing modes in 2005–2008 and 2012–2017 driving strong differences between the pools. Between 2008 and 2012 out of phase atmospheric modes result in less coherent SAMW patterns. SAMW thickness is dominated by local formation driven by SAM and ENSO modulated wind stress and turbulent heat fluxes.
Plain Language Summary
The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is a dominant pathway for moving heat and carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean interior, trapping it for hundreds of years. Most of this uptake is achieved through the formation of “mode waters”, homogeneous layers of water several hundred meters thick, by sinking and overturning as surface waters cool in winter. We find that two distinct pools of mode water in the South Pacific vary dramatically in winter thickness and volume from year to year. They vary in opposition to one another; when one is thicker than normal the other is thinner, with the pattern reversing after a year or so. We show that this “see‐saw” in thickness is strongest when the two main atmospheric patterns of climate variability over the Southern Ocean are reinforcing one another and weaken when they oppose one another. The combination of these patterns of atmospheric variability sets local mode water thickness via surface winds and ocean heat loss. The discovery of such strong dependence of mode water heat content on these atmospheric patterns is important for climate. Atmospheric variability is predicted to change into the future, potentially impacting heat uptake by mode waters and influencing global surface temperatures.
Key Points
South Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) layers display large (±150 m) changes in thickness from year to year
Two distinct pools of South Pacific SAMW exist and their thicknesses see‐saw out of phase with one another
The phase and magnitude of variability are set by changes in wind stress and heat flux driven by the main atmospheric modes of variability
We used satellite imagery from the European Space Agency (ESA) Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) optical sensor to make the first mapping of the full distribution and movement of the ...population of Sargassum in the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic. For most of the years for which we have data (2002 to 2008), the results show a seasonal pattern in which Sargassum originates in the northwest Gulf of Mexico in the spring of each year, and is then advected into the Atlantic. The Sargassum appears east of Cape Hatteras as a ‘Sargassum jet’ in July and ends northeast of the Bahamas in February of the following year. This pattern is consistent with historical surveys from ships. MERIS provides a spectral band that greatly improves the discrimination of floating vegetation from confusing signals such as cloud and sunglint.
Adrenal insufficiency is managed by hormone replacement therapy, which is far from optimal; the ability to generate functional steroidogenic cells would offer a unique opportunity for a curative ...approach to restoring the complex feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we generated human induced steroidogenic cells (hiSCs) from fibroblasts, blood-, and urine-derived cells through forced expression of steroidogenic factor-1 and activation of the PKA and LHRH pathways. hiSCs had ultrastructural features resembling steroid-secreting cells, expressed steroidogenic enzymes, and secreted steroid hormones in response to stimuli. hiSCs were viable when transplanted into the mouse kidney capsule and intra-adrenal. Importantly, the hypocortisolism of hiSCs derived from patients with adrenal insufficiency due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia was rescued by expressing the wild-type version of the defective disease-causing enzymes. Our study provides an effective tool with many potential applications for studying adrenal pathobiology in a personalized manner and opens venues for the development of precision therapies.
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•Induced steroidogenic cells (hiSCs) can be derived from urine, skin, and blood cells•hiSCs express steroidogenic enzymes and secrete cortisol in a stimulus-dependent manner•hiSCs are viable in vivo after intra-adrenal or kidney capsule transplantation•hiSCs can be used to model adrenal disorders and potentially for cell-based therapies
Ruiz-Babot et al. generate functional human steroidogenic cells (hiSCs), which are responsive to both pharmacological and physiological stimuli. Moreover, the hypocortisolism in hiSCs derived from patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is restored to normal through the incorporation of the wild-type version of the defective disease-causing enzymes.
•This article focuses on reviewing modeling and simulation effort in metal additive manufacturing taking places at U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories.•An integrated computational ...approach from process-structure-properties-performance is necessary to ultimately enable engineering and optimization to specific performance requirements.•Models and simulation tools from processing to performance are being developed at multiple lengths scales to account for the complex structure of additive manufactured metals and to understand their performance response.
We present a new set of optical polarization plane rotations in blazars, observed during the third year of operation of RoboPol. The entire set of rotation events discovered during three years of ...observations is analysed with the aim of determining whether these events are inherent in all blazars. It is found that the frequency of the polarization plane rotations varies widely among blazars. This variation cannot be explained either by a difference in the relativistic boosting or by selection effects caused by a difference in the average fractional polarization. We conclude that the rotations are characteristic of a subset of blazars and that they occur as a consequence of their intrinsic properties.
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