The Language of the Internet – Oral and Written Communication on the Web and in Everyday Life In network communication over the Internet there is a mingling between the features of the spoken and the ...written language. Kristóf Nyiri in his study: Hagyomány és társadalmi kommunikáció (Tradition and social communication) draws attention to the basic form of networking, that is e-mail (electronic mail), and his observation on the similarities between the style of emails and of the spoken language is fascinating. The text of e-mails is full with incorrectly staring sentences and incoherent sentence structures. The speed of the net, the pressure of the situation in which the communication is taking place puts the reflective, eloquent formulations in the background (Birch 1998). What Nyiri writes about the e-mail phenomenon, is valid for the chat, too. In both cases – as in speech – spontaneity, the context of the situation becomes more important than what is specific to writing (especially in printed books): a single, historical and logical coherence. The spontaneity and the mystique of participation are amplified, and these create a communicational
situation, which is particularly favorable for the development of language tricks and games. Since every mistake committed in writing can be corrected with a single movement, this encourages people in writing e-mails or chatting, to be more spontaneous and creative in using the language. Using the net-language on the web and in real life is optional – however, its knowledge for the communication on the Internet is essential. The aim of this presentation is therefore to shed light on the relationship between Internet language and oral and written language, and not just to present the possible assumed stereotypes or just to present ethnically limited data, but also to present regional Transylvanian particularities.
In theatres, in a bilingual environment, multicultural festivals, etc. subtitles are being used in an ever-increasing manner, where the primary purpose is clear understanding, to help ease cognitive ...processing for the view/participant. Although this practice is sensible, an operational media phenomenon, it is not obvious that it has only positive effects. In case the viewer/receiver is balance or dominant bilingual, the subtitle (of course in the known other language) – knowingly or not – keeps both language modules engaged and active, which makes the play`s comprehension, its lingual and cognitive understanding more accessible. The spoken words on the stage, the language-specific terms are frequently checked in the subtitles, which could lead the division of attention, a distraction. The controlled process burdens the capacity for attention capacity. One of the consequences of this could be a diminished enjoyment of the play. This phenomenon raises several questions, from the perspective of the viewer/receiver, and my aim is to investigate these questions during my presentation. Questions like: the above-mentioned use of subtitles to what degree if at all interferes and diminishes the theatrical experience for the receiver; the increased cognitive processing enhances or on the contrary, reduces the emotional involvement of the receiver – what is its effect on catharsis.
The study presents the situation of education policies concerning bilingual and minority bilingual education in Rumania, the bilingual models in education, as well as the legislation regulating the ...input of the second language (Rumanian). In the development of efficient pedagogical strategies within bilingual education there is need for understanding the social and linguistic environment of the pupils. In the case of the Hungarian community in Rumania this bilingualism is given due to the social and linguistic environment, but it is far from being uniform: the linguistic variation as well as its different regional variants produce a very differentiated linguistic situation both from the point of view of mother tongue usage as well as the learning of the Rumanian language. In this context, there are important improvements in the bilingual research conducted in Rumania, which - reflecting on results obtained by international studies - strives to diagnose the background of bilingual minority education as precisely as possible in an approach focusing on educational policies, sociolinguistics, linguistics and pedagogy. Taking into consideration the varied social and linguistic environment, the paper presents the most important result of a psycholinguistic research, which, through the contrastive survey of speech understanding and production of Hungarian-dominant Hungarian- Rumanian bilingual pupils, provides specific data in connection with the criteria which need to be taken into consideration during the understanding of the pupils as well as the conscious choice of pedagogical strategies.
Motivation of Choosing to Be a Teacher in Art Education At first sight there is a very weak connection between the teacher’s profession and theatre, but in my opinion this connection is a strong one. ...Students who graduate from the University of Arts through the development of the pedagogical skills (professional, psycho-pedagogical, communicational) will be more efficient artists and teachers. This study will inform you about an appraisal made in the Teacher Training Institute of the University of Arts in 2009–2010. This study started to evaluate the students who participated the teacher training program, which was on the topic of their motivation to choose the pedagogical career. In my supposition, teaching is just a second option in the artist’s career, and the students have secondary attention, concern and motivation. The results of the study are almost totally in contrast with my supposition, because the students are motivated, targetoriented and devoted to the educational program offered by the Teacher Training Institute of the University of Arts.
The study presents the situation of education policies concerning bilingual and minority bilingual education in Rumania, the bilingual models in education, as well as the legislation regulating the ...input of the second language (Rumanian). In the development of efficient pedagogical strategies within bilingual education there is need for understanding the social and linguistic environment of the pupils. In the case of the Hungarian community in Rumania this bilingualism is given due to the social and linguistic environment, but it is far from being uniform: the linguistic variation as well as its different regional variants produce a very differentiated linguistic situation both from the point of view of mother tongue usage as well as the learning of the Rumanian language. In this context, there are important improvements in the bilingual research conducted in Rumania, which – reflecting on results obtained by international studies – strives to diagnose the background of bilingual minority education as precisely as possible in an approach focusing on educational policies, sociolinguistics, linguistics and pedagogy. Taking into consideration the varied social and linguistic environment, the paper presents the most important result of a psycholinguistic research, which, through the contrastive survey of speech understanding and production of Hungarian-dominant Hungarian-Rumanian bilingual pupils, provides specific data in connection with the criteria which need to be taken into consideration during the understanding of the pupils as well as the conscious choice of pedagogical strategies.
The study presents the situation of education policies concerning bilingual and minority bilingual education in Rumania, the bilingual models in education, as well as the legislation regulating the ...input of the second language (Rumanian). In the development of efficient pedagogical strategies within bilingual education there is need for understanding the social and linguistic environment of the pupils. In the case of the Hungarian community in Rumania this bilingualism is given due to the social and linguistic environment, but it is far from being uniform: the linguistic variation as well as its different regional variants produce a very differentiated linguistic situation both from the point of view of mother tongue usage as well as the learning of the Rumanian language. In this context, there are important improvements in the bilingual research conducted in Rumania, which--reflecting on results obtained by international studies--strives to diagnose the background of bilingual minority education as precisely as possible in an approach focusing on educational policies, sociolinguistics, linguistics and pedagogy. Taking into consideration the varied social and linguistic environment, the paper presents the most important result of a psycholinguistic research, which, through the contrastive survey of speech understanding and production of Hungarian-dominant Hungarian-Rumanian bilingual pupils, provides specific data in connection with the criteria which need to be taken into consideration during the understanding of the pupils as well as the conscious choice of pedagogical strategies. Keywords: Rumania, bilingualism, educational models, educational policies, legislation, input regulation, psycholinguistics, speech understanding, speech production, pedagogical strategies Die Studie erortert die bildungspolitische Lage des zweisprachigen Unterrichts sowie des zweisprachigen Minderheitenunterrichts in Rumanien, die zur Geltung kommenden Zweisprachigkeitsmodelle und die rechtlichen Aufnahmeregelungen fur die (rumanische) Zweitsprache. Fur die Erarbeitung einer effektiven padagogischen Strategie fur den zweisprachigen Unterricht ist es unerlasslich, das besondere soziale und sprachliche Umfeld der Schuler kennen zu lernen. Die Zweisprachigkeit ist fur die Ungarn in Rumanien ein gegebener sozialer und sprachlicher Lebensraum, sie ist aber nicht einheitlich: Aus der sprachlichen Vielfaltigkeit und den voneinander abweichenden regionalen Varietaten resultieren sowohl fur den Muttersprachgebrauch wie auch fur die Aneignung der rumanischen Sprache unterschiedliche sprachliche Situationen. Einen wichtigen Fortschritt bedeuten daher die Zweisprachigkeitsforschungen, die auch Erkenntnisse internationaler Forschungen reflektieren, und darauf bestrebt sind, den Hintergrund des zweisprachigen Minderheitenunterrichts unter einem bildungspolitischen, soziolinguistischen, sprachwissenschaftlichen, padagogischen Ansatz moglichst genau zu analysieren. Im Bewusstsein dieses wechselhaften sozialen und sprachlichen Milieus erortert diese Studie aufgrund einer psycholinguistischen Forschungsarbeit die wichtigsten Ergebnisse, die Kriterien zum Kennenlernen der Schuler und einer bewussten Auswahl padagogischer Strategien bieten. Schlusselbegriffe: Rumanien, Zweisprachigkeit, Unterrichtsmodelle, Rechtsvorschrift, Aufnahmeregelung, Psycholinguistik, Sprachverstehen, Sprachproduktion, padagogische Strategien Studija prikazuje obrazovno-politicki polozaj rumunjske dvojezicne, kao i dvojezicne manjinske nastave, modele dvojezicnosti koji se ostvaruju, pravne propise u svezi s reguliranjem ulaska drugog jezika (rumunjskog). Za izradu djelotvorne dvojezicne pedagoske strategije neophodno je upoznavanje osobitosti socijalnog i jezicnog okruzenja. Za Madare u Rumunjskoj dvojezicnosti je dan socijalni i jezicni zivotni prostor, ali nije jedinstven: jezicno sarenilo i njegove odvojene regionalne varijante s gledista rabljenja materinskog i usvajanja rumunjskog jezika rezultiraju diferenciranim jezicnim stanjima. Vazni pomak znace dakle ona istrazivanja dvojezicnosti, koja reflektirajuci i na spoznanja medunarodnih istrazivanja nastoje da obrazovno-politickim, sociolingvistickim, jezicnim, pedagoskim pristupom sto preciznije postave dijagnozu pozadine dvojezicnog manjinskog obrazovanja. U saznanju ovog raznovrsnog socijalnog i jezicnog okruzenja, studija na osnovu psiholingvistickog istrazivanja iznosi one bitnije rezultate koji poredbenim proucavanjem razumijevanja govora i govorne produkcije ucenika u jednojezicnoj nastavi na madarskom i madarsko-rumunjskoj dvojezicnoj nastavi s dominacijom madarskog jezika mogu ponuditi stanovista za upoznavanje ucenika i za svjestan odabir pedagoskih strategija. Kljucne rijeci:Rumunjska, dvojezicnost, modeli obrazovanja, pravni propisi, ulazna regulacija, psiholingvistika, razumijevanje govora, govorna produkcija, pedagoske strategije Studie uvadi situaci v oblasti bilingvniho, resp. bilingvniho mensinoveho vzdelavani a vzdelavaci politiky, uplatnovani bilingvnich modelu a pravni predpisy souvisejici se vstupni regulaci sekundarniho (rumunskeho) jazyka. Pri vypracovani ucinne pedagogicke strategie bilingvni edukace je nezbytne poznani specifickeho socialniho a jazykoveho prostredi zaku. Pro Madary zijici v Rumunsku je dvojjazycnost danym socialnim a jazykovym prostorem, avsak nejednotnym: jazykova mnohobarevnost a jeji od sebe se odlisujici regionalni varianty vytvareji z hlediska pouzivani materskeho jazyka a osvojeni si rumunstiny diferencovane jazykove situace. Vyznamnym krokem vpred jsou tedy ty vyzkumy bilingvnosti, ktere se reflektovanim na zkusenosti zahranicnich vyzkumu snazi o to, aby se z pohledu vzdelavaci politiky, sociolingvistiky, jazykovedy a pedagogiky cim presneji diagnostikovalo pozadi mensinove bilingvni edukace. Ve vedomi tohoto mnohotvarneho socialniho a jazykoveho prostredi clanek uvadi (na zaklade vysledku jednoho sociolingvistickeho vyzkumu) nejvyznamnejsi vysledky srovnavaci studie v oblasti chapani reci a schopnosti produkce reci u zaku vyucovanych jednojazycne v madarstine anebo dvojjazycne pri dominanci madarstiny, madarsko-rumunsky, ktere jsou potrebne pro poznavani zaku a pro vedomy vyber pedagogicke strategie. Klicova vyrazy:Rumunsko, dvojjazycnost, vyucovaci modely, pravni predpisy, vstupni regulace, psycholingvistika, chapani reci, produkce reci, pedagogicke strategie A tanulmany a romaniai ketnyelvu, valamint a ketnyelvu kisebbsegi oktatas oktataspolitikai helyzetet, az ervenyesulu ketnyelvu segi modelleket, a masodnyelv (roman) bemeneti szabalyozasaval kapcsolatos jogszabalyokat ismerteti. A ketnyelvu oktatas hatekony pedagogiai strategiajanak kidolgozasaban nelkulozhetetlen a tanulok sajatos szocialis es nyelvi kozegenek a megismerese. A romaniai magyarsag szamara a ketnyelvuseg adott szocialis es nyelvi eletter, de nem egyseges: a nyelvi sokszin?seg es ennek egymastol elkulonulu regionalis valtozatai az anyanyelvhasznalat es a roman nyelv elsajatitasa szempontjabol is differencialt nyelvi helyzeteket eredmenyeznek. Fontos elorelepest jelentenek tehat azok a ketnyelvusegi kutatasok, amelyek a nemzetkozi kutatasi tapasztalatok felismereseire is reflektalva arra torekednek, hogy oktataspolitikai, szociolingvisztikai, nyelveszeti, pedagogiai megkozelitesben minel pontosabban diagnosztizaljak a ketnyelvu kisebbsegi oktatas hatteret. Ennek a valtozatos szocialis es nyelvi kozegnek a tudataban a tanulmany egy pszicholingvisztikai kutatas alapjan ismerteti azokat a lenyegesebb eredmenyeket, amelyek magyar egynyelvu es magyar dominanciaju magyar-roman ketnyelvu tanulok beszedertesenek es beszed-produkciojanak osszehasonlito vizsgalataval szempontokat kinalhatnak a tanulok megismeresehez es a pedagogiai strategiak tudatos megvalasztasahoz. Kulcsszavak: Romania, ketnyelvuseg, oktatasi modellek, jogszabalyok, bemeneti szabalyozas, pszicholingvisztika, beszedertes, beszedprodukcio, pedagogiai strategiak Praca przedstawia sytuacje i koncepcje polityki oswiatowej dotyczaca nauczania dwujezycznego w Rumunii i w szkolnictwie tamtejszej mniejszosci wegierskiej, funkcjonujace modele nauczania dwujezycznego oraz ustawodawstwo w sprawie regulacji wprowadzania drugiego jezyka (rumunskiego). Dla wypracowania efektywnej strategii pedagogicznej nauczania dwujezycznego koniczne jest poznanie specyficznego srodowiska socjalnego i jezykowego uczniow. Dla wegierskiej mniejszosci w Rumunii dwujezycznosc stanowi naturalna przestrzen socjalna i jezykowa, lecz nie jest to przestrzen jednolita: roznorodnosc jezykowa i jej roznorodne regionalne warianty okreslaja zroznicowane sytuacje poslugiwania sie jezykiem ojczystym i przyswajania jezyka rumunskiego. Waznym krokiem do przodu sa prace nad dwujezycznoscia, ktore bazujac rowniez na miedzynarodowych doswiadczeniach badawczych, stawiaja sobie za cel gruntowne rozpoznanie edukacyjnego zaplecza dwujezycznego nauczania w aspekcie polityki oswiatowej, socjolingwistyki, jezykoznawstwa i pedagogiki. Uwzgledniajac owe roznorodne pod wzgledem jezykowym i socjalnym srodowiska oraz wyniki badania psycholingwistycznego, praca przedstawia najwazniejsze osiagniecia, ktore dzieki przeprowadzonym wsrod wegierskich uczniow poslugujacych sie tylko jezykiem wegierskim oraz wegierskich uczniow dwujezycznych badaniom porownawczym formulowania wypowiedzi i rozumienia mowy, moga stanowic pomoc w stosowaniu odpowiedniego podejscia do uczniow oraz stworzyc podstawy swiadomego wyboru strategii pedagogicznej. Slowa kluczowe: Rumunia, dwujezycznosc, modele oswiatowe, ustawodawstwo, regulacja, psycholingwistyka, rozumienie mowy, mowa, strategie pedagogiczne. Studiul prezinta pe scurt situatia politicii educationale bilingve si politica educationala bilingva din perspectiva minoritatilor din Romania, respectiv reglementarile privind modelul bilingv aplicat in predarea limbii romane ca a doua limba. In vederea dezvoltarii unei strategii educationale eficiente este necesara cunoasterea antur
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