The synthesized 10 wt% cerium oxide-doped vanadium pentoxide nano-particles are deposited in the form of thin films on a glass substrate by e-beam evaporation to study their best appropriate ...thickness and annealing temperature ranges. The structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of these films are examined for their suitability toward the development of thin film strain gauges. The nano-structured crystallite grain size of 0.1537 Å in an orthorhombic layered cubic structure was recognized through its structural analysis. Uniformly distributed morphology of the deposited films is visible through the SEM images. The small variation in RMS surface roughness between 1.346 and 1.354 nm highlights the stabilized film formation on the surface of the substrate. It was noticed through its electrical properties that, with the increase in thickness of the film from 80 to 250 nm, the resistance was found to decrease from 2.5 MΩ to 27.52 KΩ and up to 25.83 KΩ with the subsequent raise in annealing temperature till 500 °C. There was also an observed lowest dip in resistance of 12.13 KΩ, at the annealing temperature of 300 °C and the thickness range of 220 nm.
The objective of this study is to determine the ideal thickness and annealing temperature ranges for the derived 15 weight percent iron (Fe)-doped vanadium pentoxide (V
2
O
5
) nanoparticles by ...depositing them as thin films on a glass substrate using e-beam evaporation. The appropriateness of these films' structural, morphological, and electrical properties for the development of thin-film strain gauges is investigated. Through structural research, the nano-structured crystallite grain size of 0.1494 Å in an orthorhombic layered cubic structure was identified. The SEM images show the uniformly dispersed morphology of the deposited films. The greater adatom mobility seen as a result of surface diffusion kinetics and atomic shadowing is highlighted by the significant change in RMS surface roughness between 0.502 and 1.785 nm. Through examination of its electrical characteristics, it was discovered that when the film's thickness increased from 80 to 250 nm, the resistance decreased from 2.4 MΩ to 26.74 KΩ and ultimately to 24.38 KΩ. This decrease was further observed when the annealing temperature was raised to 500 °C. At the thickness range of 220 nm and the annealing temperature of 300 °C, the resistance also showed the lowest recorded dip of 11.75 KΩ. Therefore, it was concluded that these optimized process parameters of 220 nm and 300 °C would be appropriate for its utilization in the development of sensors, when addressing samples that contained 15 weight percent Fe: V
2
O
5
.
Vanadium pentoxide (V
2
O
5
) is a transition metallic oxide which is suitable for strain gauge application because of its good electrical properties and conductivity. Considering this, cerium oxide ...(CeO
2
)-doped vanadium oxide (V
2
O
5
) nanoparticles are synthesized with the varied concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 wt%, to study its characteristics for fabrication of thin film strain gauges. The structural, transmission spectral, morphological, compositional and the electrical properties of synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, HRTEM, EDX and CLR meter respectively. The characterization results depict favorable changes within the nanoparticle samples on the addition of dopant. The transformation from amorphous to crystalline phase orthorhombic cubic structure is visible from the x-ray diffraction results. The morphological data depict improvement in the structural appearance of the samples without any cracks on its surface. The shift in transmission spectral peaks towards the lower wave number indicates the improved electronic transitioning due to high activation energy. The drastic improvement in its conductivity from 1 to 4.3 S/m, along with better temperature characteristics specially in case of 10-wt% CeO
2
:V
2
O
5
, depicts the improved sensitivity of the samples. The resulting gauge factor of 45.21 obtained through four-point bending arrangement highlights the better strain resistance behavior of synthesized nanoparticles.
Abstract
A high yield of single phase orthorhombic vanadium oxide (V
2
O
5
) nanoparticles with solution combustion method is obtained in a very quick succession at 500 °C, by the utilization of ...Butea monosperma seed extract, to study its suitability towards pressure sensors. The Structural, Transmission spectral, Morphological, Compositional and the Absorption spectral analysis of the deposited vanadium oxide nanoparticle samples are examined using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV) respectively. The results from the structural analysis denote the nanoparticles with the crystallite size of 4.76 Å, dislocation density of 441.35*10
16
/m
2
along with the micro strain of 76.0366*10
-3
. Infrared transmission spectral images clearly display three strong peaks at 1633.76 cm
-1
, 1070.80 cm
-1
and 537.25 cm
-1
, stating the presence of a strong and stable vanadyl bonding structure. Images from its morphological analysis depict the nanoparticles are homogeneously porous without any cracks on its surface. The composition of the nanoparticles clearly displays the presence of vanadium and oxygen atoms in a strong bonding structure. Absorption spectral results showed that the obtained samples after synthesis are in nano size with narrow size distribution. The results obtained from the experimental analysis indicate a stable performance, good linearity and stability, indicating its suitability for pressure sensing application.
Climate change across the globe has an impact on the occurrence, prevalence, and severity of plant diseases. About 30% of yield losses in major crops are due to plant diseases; emerging diseases are ...likely to worsen the sustainable production in the coming years. Plant diseases have led to increased hunger and mass migration of human populations in the past, thus a serious threat to global food security. Equipping the modern varieties/hybrids with enhanced genetic resistance is the most economic, sustainable and environmentally friendly solution. Plant geneticists have done tremendous work in identifying stable resistance in primary genepools and many times other than primary genepools to breed resistant varieties in different major crops. Over the last two decades, the availability of crop and pathogen genomes due to advances in next generation sequencing technologies improved our understanding of trait genetics using different approaches. Genome-wide association studies have been effectively used to identify candidate genes and map loci associated with different diseases in crop plants. In this review, we highlight successful examples for the discovery of resistance genes to many important diseases. In addition, major developments in association studies, statistical models and bioinformatic tools that improve the power, resolution and the efficiency of identifying marker-trait associations. Overall this review provides comprehensive insights into the two decades of advances in GWAS studies and discusses the challenges and opportunities this research area provides for breeding resistant varieties.
The cerium oxide was used as a dopant in the synthesis of vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ) nano-particles at the concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% weight percent. The dielectric results of these synthesized ...materials showed that the samples with 10 weight percent \mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}_{2}:\mathrm{V}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{5} had lower impedance of 479 \Omega, and greater conductivity of 4.31 S/m. As a result, these synthesized samples of nanomaterials were utilized in the work to construct a thin film strain gauge (TFSG) based pressure sensor. Prior to analyzing its performance, the developed sensor on a stainless steel diaphragm was calibrated using pressure calibrator. Considering the relative change in resistance under both compressive and the tensile strain situations, the performance findings showed an impressive linear profile. At 10V excitation, a comparatively linear variation in bridge output is observed in the developed pressure sensor. The sensor developed by incorporating 10 weight percent \mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}_{2}:\mathrm{V}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{5} samples showed an optimal sensitivity of 0.4739 mV/V/bar. However, the sensor exhibited a lower hysteresis and nonlinearity (0.047% FSO), resulting in its most stable performance.
Drinking water availability has become a major issue. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RHSs) amass and store rainwater for future use. In Pakistan, drinking water availability has become a major issue. ...Rainwater can be used as a constant alternative to clean water resources. Google Earth Pro (GEP) is utilized in this paper to select suitable locations for the installation of RHSs. The decision must not be too excessive, must fit in buildings that have small available space, and must cover the needs of bigger buildings. The required capacity for an RHS to cope with an unusually high water shortage in the study area was calculated using GEP and ArcGIS. The total estimated amount of rainwater harvesting potential during the average annual monsoon period from 2012 to 2021 is 1064.056 m3 from the 13452.05 m2 available area from rooftops and plain surfaces. The capacity of storage containers is primarily based on day-to-day spills and breadth.
Electricity generation from the sea has many advantages in comparison with other renewable energy resources. Power can be generated from new or existing barrages. Based on previous location research, ...a suitable system to produce tidal range energy from a potential site was developed in this paper. The main objective of this research is to calculate the energy output of the Kuching Barrage of Sarawak State of Malaysia. The daily flushing process of Kuching Barrage is conducted during the low tide period and therefore to put up the ebb generation process is appropriate. The calculated period of power generation is determined to about 6 hours. The annual energy output is calculated based on a theoretical method, with the average daily potential energy calculated to be 5.8MW and approximately 10.23GWh/year could be harnessed. This research can be beneficial for energy generation with the use of a double basin scheme for the construction of new barrages in East Malaysia.
Increased traffic density due to urbanization is a major cause of air quality deterioration. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constitutes one of the most challenging issues in environmental ...research. This study was designed to assess PM10 and PM2.5 pollution at ten main locations in Nawabshah. Analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was carried randomly at different selected locations of the city. The highest concentration of PM10 was found at Mohini bazar (MB) and the highest concentration for PM2.5 was found at New Naka (NN). The mean concentration of PM10 was 78.3% higher than world health organization (WHO) standards and 35% than Pakistan’s National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The mean concentration of PM2.5 was 47.3% and 26.3% higher respectively. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 on day-2 and day-10 were found lower than those set by NEQS, while mean concentrations of PM10 on all days exceeded the WHO and NEQS standards indicating that the city was heavily polluted more with PM10 than with PM2.5. Re-suspension of dust particles due to traffic flow, open burning of unmanaged solid waste on the sides of the road and in the street, and improper handling of construction and demolition waste were identified as the main sources for PM pollution in the city. Exposure to higher levels of PM10 and PM2.5 can cause health problems. High levels of PM10 and PM2.5 are a call for the implementation of strict measures to control PM pollution at Nawabshah in order to protect public health and the environment.
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