Protein degradation is essential for all living things. Bacteria use energy-dependent proteases to control protein destruction in a highly specific manner. Recognition of substrates is determined by ...the inherent specificity of the proteases and through adaptor proteins that alter the spectrum of substrates. In the α-proteobacterium
Caulobacter crescentus
, regulated protein degradation is required for stress responses, developmental transitions, and cell cycle progression. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding of the regulated and stress-responsive protein degradation pathways in
Caulobacter
. We discuss how organization of highly specific adaptors into functional hierarchies drives destruction of proteins during the bacterial cell cycle. Because all cells must balance the need for degradation of many true substrates with the toxic consequences of nonspecific protein destruction, principles found in one system likely generalize to others.
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•PCBs were thermally treated to obtain metal rich pyrolysis residue (PPCBs).•PPCBs were roasted with NH4Cl for conversion of metals into metal chlorides.•Water was used as leaching ...solvent for recovery of metals from roasted residue.•93% of Cu, 100% of Ni, 100% of Zn and 100% of Pb were recovered.
The substantial growth of electronic waste (e-waste) in recent years has become a serious threat to environment. However, there is an excellent opportunity to recover and reuse metals present in e-waste, which eventually leads to conservation of natural resources for future generation. A greener and sustainable approach for the recovery of metals from electronic waste is the need of the hour. In this study, thermal decomposition of printed circuit boards (PCBs) was carried out in presence of nitrogen for conversion of polymers into oil and combustible gases. The metal rich pyrolysis residue was roasted in presence of ammonia chloride as chlorinating agent to recover metals. The effect of roasting parameters on the metal recovery investigated in temperature range of 200 °C to 325 °C for 1 h to 5 h while the NH4Cl dosage varied from 1 g/g to 4 g/g. Under the optimized roasting conditions, around 93% Cu, 100% Ni, 100% Zn, and 100% Pb were recovered at temperature of 300 °C, time of 4 h and NH4Cl dose of 3 g/g. The present process provides an eco-friendly solution for the recovery of metals from e-waste, which are valuable and avoid pollution.
Regulated protein degradation is essential. The timed destruction of crucial proteins by the ClpXP protease drives cell-cycle progression in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Although ClpXP is ...active alone, additional factors are inexplicably required for cell-cycle-dependent proteolysis. Here, we show that these factors constitute an adaptor hierarchy wherein different substrates are destroyed based on the degree of adaptor assembly. The hierarchy builds upon priming of ClpXP by the adaptor CpdR, which promotes degradation of one class of substrates and also recruits the adaptor RcdA to degrade a second class of substrates. Adding the PopA adaptor promotes destruction of a third class of substrates and inhibits degradation of the second class. We dissect RcdA to generate bespoke adaptors, identifying critical substrate elements needed for RcdA recognition and uncovering additional cell-cycle-dependent ClpXP substrates. Our work reveals how hierarchical adaptors and primed proteases orchestrate regulated proteolysis during bacterial cell-cycle progression.
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•Protease selectivity during cell cycle is defined by a hierarchy of adaptors•Priming of the ClpXP protease by CpdR is needed for adaptor recruitment•RcdA is an adaptor that binds multiple substrates and additional adaptors•Which substrates are degraded depends on the degree of adaptor assembly
Protein degradation during the Caulobacter cell cycle relies on an adaptor hierarchy. Priming of the protease by one adaptor recruits additional adaptors, and substrate degradation occurs based on the degree of adaptor assembly.
•ANN model for performance and emission prediction of micro-trigeneration systems.•ANN model inputs: single generation performance and emission parameters.•ANN 9-16-8 showed optimum ...performance.•Correlation coefficient (R) value of 0.9948 for ANN 9-16-8.•ANN 9-16-8 sensitive to the CV of the fuel and UHC in a single-generation.
A model for a micro-tri-generation system operated on a CI engine working on various alternate fuels was developed based on the experimental data from multiple fuel blends using an Artificial Neural Network. The experimental data were collected by operating the test setup on different fuel blends for the single-generation and tri-generation. Experimental data input for performance and emissions were taken from a real-sized micro-tri-generation system under four different fuel inputs, i.e., Diesel, Karanja Oil, and Karanja Biodiesel (KB-20 and KB-50). The performance of the Tri-generation working on various alternate fuel sources was comparable with that of diesel as fuel input. The artificial neural network-based model was developed to predict the micro-tri-generation performance and emission using the single generation data. The simulation results showed that the developed ANN 9-16-8 model of the micro-tri-generation system could effectively predict the performance and emission parameters of a micro-tri-generation system working on various alternate fuel blends. The correlation coefficient’s values of ANN 9-16-8 model Rtrain, Rval, Rtest, and Rall were 0.9950, 0.9945, 0.9944, and 0.9948, respectively, which showed a higher correlation between the predicted values and the observed values.
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•Integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery paves a path towards circular economy.•Higher value added production from lignocellulosic biomass has commercial value.•Circular economy closes ...the loop towards biorefinery processes with effective waste management.
Lignocellulosic biomass is an effective and sustainable alternative for petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals to produce biofuels and bio-based products. Despite the high availability, the degradation of biomass is a substantial challenge. Hence, it is necessary to integrate several unit processes such as biochemical, thermochemical, physical, and catalytic conversion to produce wide range of bio-based products. Integrating these processes enhances the yield, reduces the reaction time, and can be cost-effective. Process integration could significantly lead to various outcomes which guides towards the circular economy. This review addresses integration of several biorefinery processes for the production of multifaceted products. In addition, modern and sustainable biorefinery technologies are discussed to pave the path towards circular economy through the closed-loop approach.
CO
2
co-feeding syngas conversion to sustainable fuels and valuable chemicals is one of the promising strategies for partial CO
2
abatement. Surface modifications of Mg promoted CuZn based catalysts ...via one pot non-ionic surfactant assisted co-precipitation route is an effective approach to facilitate the efficient CO/CO
2
hydrogenation to methanol. Herein, the influence of different surfactant/(CuZnMg) molar ratios on physicochemical properties and in selective methanol promotion was systematically investigated. The mesostructured CuZnMg (I–III) catalysts with varied molar ratios (0–0.06) led to difference in specific surface area, crystallite size, interaction between the lattices and density of basic sites. For the optimized catalyst CuZnMg (III) (molar ratio = 0.06), the CuO crystallite size, specific surface area and basic sites density was 7.2 nm, 31.23 m
2
/g and 14.6 µmol/m
2
respectively. Furthermore, the CuZnMg (III) displayed the highest exposed well dispersed CuO species and having strong interaction between Cu and ZnO lattice, as confirmed by H
2
-TPR analysis. Hence, CuZnMg (III) exhibited highest total carbon conversion (33.6%) and maximum methanol selectivity (72.5%) under identical reaction conditions (40 bar, 240 °C, 2000 mL/gcat.h). The effect of process parameters on total carbon conversion and methanol selectivity of CuZnMg (III) catalyst was also evidenced. Interestingly, the methanol selectivity and basic sites density correlates linearly with surfactant molar ratios and both were improved by 30% and 16% respectively for CuZnMg (III) catalyst when compared with conventional catalyst, highlighting the potential of surfactant assisted catalyst (CuZnMg (III)) for CO/CO
2
hydrogenation reactions.
Graphic abstract
Purpose: To report the 1-year follow-up results of intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) for the management of complications of retinal artery macroaneurysms (RAM). Methods: A retrospective, ...noncomparative, interventional case series of 4 eyes of 4 patients (all female, aged 68–91 years, 3 treatment naive) treated with IAI 2 mg for complications of RAM macular edema (ME) 2, submacular hemorrhage (SMH) 1, and vitreous hemorrhage (VH) 1 was conducted. Baseline parameters consisted of complete ocular examination, medical history, best-corrected Snellen VA, fundus photography, IVFA and SD OCT, unless precluded by VH (1). All patients completed ≥1 year follow-up. Results: Baseline VA was hand motions in the eye with SMH (31 mm2 area and 1,478 μm thickness); 20/40 and 20/100 with ME (CST 390 and 337 μm, respectively), and 20/200 in the eye with VH. At 1 month, both patients with ME showed resolution of ME with CST <300 μm with improvement in VA which was maintained through 1 year. VH resolved in one eye at 1 month with no recurrence after 1 year. The eye with SMH developed macular scar and had counting fingers vision at 1 year. Thrombosis of RAM was noted in all eyes and hairpin-like remodeling of artery in one. No eye required repeat injection or laser. Conclusion: ME and VH from RAM were effectively treated with IAI. However, the eye with thick SMH had poor visual outcome despite thrombosis of RAM. Single IAI provided effective therapy for complications of RAM with excellent anatomical and visual results in each eye, except one with thick SMH, and merits further study.
Chromosomal rearrangements occur constitutionally in the general population and somatically in the majority of cancers. Detection of balanced rearrangements, such as reciprocal translocations and ...inversions, is troublesome, which is particularly detrimental in oncology where rearrangements play diagnostic and prognostic roles. Here we describe the use of Hi-C as a tool for detection of both balanced and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements in primary human tumour samples, with the potential to define chromosome breakpoints to bp resolution. In addition, we show copy number profiles can also be obtained from the same data, all at a significantly lower cost than standard sequencing approaches.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of
(MTE) leaves (family: Asclepiadaceae) in albino rats. The acute toxicity was performed where the ...limit dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight used. Observations were made and recorded for 24 h, and once daily further for a period of 14 days. The rats were weighed and various observations, like mortality, behavior, injury, or any signs of illness were conducted once daily during the period. For subacute study, four groups of 10 animals (female rats) received 10% Tween 20 in distilled water (control), and 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of freshly-prepared extracts, respectively, every 24 h orally for 28 days. At the end of each study, hematological analysis and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Histopathological examination of vital organs of the animals were taken for gross findings, compared to controls. There was no significant difference (
> 0.05) observed in the relative organs, body weights, hematological, biochemical parameters, and gross abnormalities, compared to the control. No mortality was recorded. Therefore, analysis of results may lead to the conclusion that the medium-term oral administration of the MTE leaves for 28 days does not cause toxicity.
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•Valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass into various useful products.•Integrating biological funnelling pathway in the bio-refinery concept.•Production of biofuels from biomass paves ...a path towards less carbon foot print.•Effective pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass enhances product yield.•Higher value added production from lignocellulosic biomass has good commercial value.
Biofuel is the presently needed potential energy reservoir as an alternative to wearying fossil fuel-based technology. Second generation lignocellulose is considered to be the most abundant source of renewable feedstock among the biomaterials. Lignocellulose biomass (LCB) is the effective feed stock for bio-based chemicals for carbon neutrality, which paves critical prospect for significant sustainable and renewable development. This review discusses the types of biomass, characterization, and value-added products developed. Integrating the biological funnelling pathway in the bio-refinery concept and explaining the genetic modification of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced yield is also discussed. The outlook on lowering the carbon footprint by discussing in detail the life cycle carbon balance, process development tools, supply chain description, and circular economy.
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