KEY MESSAGE : Overexpression of miR166/165 down-regulates target HD - ZIP IIIs and promotes root growth by enhancing cell division and meristematic activity, whereas overexpression of HD - ZIP IIIs ...inhibits root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Post-embryonic growth of higher plants is maintained by active meristems harbouring undifferentiated cells. Shoot and root apical meristems (SAM and RAM) utilize both similar and distinct signalling mechanisms for their maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana. An important regulatory role in this context has the interaction of microRNAs with their target mRNAs, mostly encoding transcription factors. One class of microRNA166/165 (miR166/165) has been implicated in the maintenance of SAM and vascular patterning. Here, we show that miR166/165 plays an important role in root growth also by negatively regulating its target transcripts, HD-ZIP IIIs, in the RAM. While overexpression of miR166 promotes RAM activity, overexpression of its targets reduces RAM activity. These results reveal a conserved role of miR166/165 in the maintenance of SAM and RAM activity in A. thaliana.
The purpose of this work was to study the mechanistic pathways of degradation of polysorbates (PS) 20 and PS80 in parenteral formulations. The fate of PS in typical protein formulations was monitored ...and analyzed by a variety of methods, including 1H NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detection, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Oxidative degradation of PS in neat raw material was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. TGA–DSC studies revealed that autoxidation via a radical mechanism is dominated by statistical random scission in PS20 and PS80. Thermal initiation of radical formation occurs at the polyoxyethylene (POE) as well as the olefin sites. In PS80, radical initiation at the olefinic site precedes initiation at the POE site, leading to modified degradation profile. Corresponding to these results, in aqueous formulations, a surge peroxide content was detected in PS20-containing samples and in higher concentrations in those containing PS80. Hydrolysis in aqueous formulations, as followed by 1H NMR, was found to have a half-life of 5months at 40°C. On the basis of the obtained results, PSs degrade mainly via autoxidation and also via hydrolysis at higher temperatures. Further studies are required to investigate on potential effects of degradation on surface activity and protein stability in PS-containing formulations.
High impact resistance transparent materials are still a challenging task in respect of its strategic applications. Increasing the impact resistance of the polycarbonates have always been the focus ...of the material manufacturers for years. This study provides an effective solution to the bird strikes on aircraft by utilizing solvent vapor bonding to make the polycarbonate laminates that can be used in wind- shields. Dichloromethane has been proved to be the best solvent for solvent vapor bonding process from Lap Shear Tensile tests as the bond made is of high strength. The effective bonding in the solvent vapor bonded is much greater than the bonding in normal windshields greatly increasing the impact resistance of windshields by fifty percent along with the retention of transparency in the material. The toughness of the material after solvent vapor bonding is increased by fifteen times. The entire process of making the polycarbonate laminates for aviation and defence applications has been discussed in great depth.
During the past decades, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become extensively used due to their prominent number of applications. The use of WSNs is a domineering need for future radical areas ...commencing from smart home to military surveillance in which hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes are positioned. The usage of mobile sink in those large scale WSNs, for data aggregation amends the functioning of the network by bringing down the energy conservation, amending the network lifetime and data transmission time lag between the nodes. In this paper Center of Energy -Reinforcement Learning based On-Demand Transition State Update algorithm (CERL-ODTST) is proposed to dynamically update mobile sink traversal path. Initially cluster formation and cluster head election for large scale WSNs are done by novel center of energy method. Clustering and data aggregation techniques are applied to reduce the amount of data transmission hence decreasing the energy consumption in the network. In this context cluster heads aggregates data from cluster members which are collected by mobile sinks. The amount of data transmission can be significantly reduced by using Machine Learning algorithms like neural networks and swarm intelligence and also using the distributive features of the network. It offers a reasonable study of the functioning of diverse methods to support the engineers for projecting suitable machine learning based results for grouping the nodes and data aggregation applications. Compared to traditional methods, in the proposed CERL-ODTST, reinforcement learning is used for intra cluster data aggregation to improve aggregation efficiency in the whole network. The implementation results show that proposed CERL-ODTST performs well in terms of overall tour length, energy efficiency and reduces the transmission delay hence increases network lifetime.
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•Hollow and solid carbon nanospheres were synthesized by CVD method.•NaCl was used as template for direct growth of carbon nanospheres.•Separation of NaCl from the mixture is made ...easy by dissolving in water.•The hollow carbon nanospheres exhibit high specific capacity in Li-ion batteries than the graphite anodes.
Carbon nanospheres (CNS) with hollow and solid morphologies have been synthesised by a simple chemical vapour deposition method using acetylene as a carbon precursor. Sodium chloride (NaCl) powder as a template was used for the direct growth of CNS via facile and low-cost approach. The effect of various temperatures (500°C, 600°C and 700°C) and acetylene flow rates were investigated to study the structural evolution on the carbon products. The purified CNS thus obtained was characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, and cyclicvoltametry. The synthesised hollow nanospheres were investigated as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. After 25 cycles of repeated charge/discharge cycles, the discharge and charge capacities were found to be 574mAh/g and 570mAh/g, respectively which are significantly higher than the commercial graphite samples.
The transcriptional regulator CONSTANS (CO) promotes flowering of Arabidopsis under long summer days (LDs) but not under short winter days (SDs). Post‐translational regulation of CO is crucial for ...this response by stabilizing the protein at the end of a LD, whereas promoting its degradation throughout the night under LD and SD. We show that mutations in CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), a component of a ubiquitin ligase, cause extreme early flowering under SDs, and that this is largely dependent on CO activity. Furthermore, transcription of the CO target gene FT is increased in cop1 mutants and decreased in plants overexpressing COP1 in phloem companion cells. COP1 and CO interact in vivo and in vitro through the C‐terminal region of CO. COP1 promotes CO degradation mainly in the dark, so that in cop1 mutants CO protein but not CO mRNA abundance is dramatically increased during the night. However, in the morning CO degradation occurs independently of COP1 by a phytochrome B‐dependent mechanism. Thus, COP1 contributes to day length perception by reducing the abundance of CO during the night and thereby delaying flowering under SDs.
In this study, we investigated the role of glutamate delta 1 receptor (GluD1) in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC)-mediated myelination during basal (development) and pathophysiological ...(cuprizone-induced demyelination) conditions. Initially, we sought to determine the expression pattern of GluD1 in OPCs and found a significant colocalization of GluD1 puncta with neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2, OPC marker) in the motor cortex and dorsal striatum. Importantly, we found that the ablation of GluD1 led to an increase in the number of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG+) cells in the corpus callosum and motor cortex at P40 without affecting the number of NG2+ OPCs, suggesting that GluD1 loss selectively facilitates OPC differentiation rather than proliferation. Further, deletion of GluD1 enhanced myelination in the corpus callosum and motor cortex, as indicated by increased myelin basic protein (MBP) staining at P40, suggesting that GluD1 may play an essential role in the developmental regulation of myelination during the critical window period. In contrast, in cuprizone-induced demyelination, we observed reduced MBP staining in the corpus callosum of GluD1 KO mice. Furthermore, cuprizone-fed GluD1 KO mice showed more robust motor deficits. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GluD1 plays a critical role in OPC regulation and myelination in normal and demyelinating conditions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A novel Metal-organic framework incorporate on NiCo2O4.•NiCo2O4 prepared by low-cost auto combustion method.•Incorporated material prepared by hydrothermal method.•NiCo2O4/MOF-5 deliver a high ...capacity of CV is 557.36F/g at 5 mV/s.•NiCo2O4/MOF-5 deliver a high capacity of CP is 357.69F/g at 1A/g.
In this article, we incorporated the Metal-organic framework (MOF-5) on NiCo2O4. First, we synthesized the Nickel cobaltite nanoparticles by combustion method. Then incorporated the MOF-5 on NiCo2O4 via the hydrothermal method. NiCo2O4/MOF-5 supported more active sites for ion transportation and storage, improving the specific capacitance of electrode materials. Prepared NiCo2O4/MOF-5 electrode exhibit a good specific capacitance of CP curves shown 357.69F/g at 1A/g and CV curves shown 557.50F/g at 5 mV/s. Thus, the as-prepared NiCo2O4/MOF-5 has a definite advantage for supercapacitor electrode materials. Which proven their promising implications in next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.
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•A porous NiO nanocrystal was synthesised by the hydrothermal method.•NiO nanocrystal is analyzed using various aqueous electrolyte solutions.•NiO nanocrystal delivers a high capacity ...of CP is 200 F/g at 1 A/g using 1 M Na2SO4.•Good cyclic stability around 2000 cycles with capacity retention of 91% at 10 A/g.
The electrochemical performance of porous Nickel oxide nanocrystals synthesised by the hydrothermal method is discussed here. In this porous Nickel oxide, crystal structure and morphology were investigated by XRD, FT-Raman, FE-SEM and HR-TEM. The electrochemical performance of porous Nickel oxide electrode examined by various aqueous electrolytes such as 1 M Na2SO4, 0.5 M KOH and 1 M Na2SO4 + 0.5 M KOH solution. The electrode material delivers high specific capacitance found as 200 F/g at 1 A/g using a single aqueous electrolyte 1 M Na2SO4. The porous Nickel oxide nanocrystals electrode performed the long-term good cyclic stability around 2000 cycles with 91% capacity retention. Here, 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte achieves high capacity among various electrolytes can be considered as promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications.
Coadsorption of two different carboxylic acids, benzenetribenzoic acid and trimesic acid, was studied at the liquid−solid interface in two different solvents (heptanoic and nonanoic acid). ...Independent alteration of both concentrations in binary solutions resulted in six nondensely packed monolayer phases with different structures and stoichiometries, as revealed by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). All of these structures are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid functional groups. Moreover, phase transitions of the monolayer structures, accompanied by an alteration of the size and shape of cavity voids in the 2D molecular assembly, could be achieved by in situ dilution. The emergence of the various phases could be described by a simple thermodynamic model.
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