Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are esters formed between caffeic and quinic acids, and represent an abundant group of plant polyphenols present in the human diet. CGAs have different subgroups that include ...caffeoylquinic, p-coumaroylquinic, and feruloyquinic acids. Results of epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of beverages such as coffee, tea, wine, different herbal infusions, and also some fruit juices is linked to reduced risks of developing different chronic diseases. These beverages contain CGAs present in different concentrations and isomeric mixtures. The underlying mechanism(s) for specific health benefits attributed to CGAs involves mitigating oxidative stress, and hence the related adverse effects associated with an unbalanced intracellular redox state. There is also evidence to show that CGAs exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by modulating a number of important metabolic pathways. This review will focus on three specific aspects of the relevance of CGAs in coffee beverages; namely: (1) the relative composition of different CGA isomers present in coffee beverages; (2) analysis of in vitro and in vivo evidence that CGAs and individual isomers can mitigate oxidative and inflammatory stresses; and (3) description of the molecular mechanisms that have a key role in the cell signaling activity that underlines important functions.
Coffee is a rich source of dietary antioxidants, and this property, coupled with the fact that coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages, has led to the understanding that coffee is a major ...contributor to dietary antioxidant intake. Brewed coffee is a complex food matrix with numerous phytochemical components that have antioxidant activity capable of scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen and electrons, providing reducing activity and also acting as metal ion pro-oxidant chelators. More recent studies have shown that coffee components can trigger tissue antioxidant gene expression and protect against gastrointestinal oxidative stress. This paper will describe different in vitro, cell-free and cell-based assays that both characterize and compare the antioxidant capacity and mechanism of action of coffee and its bioactive constituents. Moreover, evidence of cellular antioxidant activity and correlated specific genomic events induced by coffee components, which are relevant to antioxidant function in both animal and human studies, will be discussed.
Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and phospholipids; and therefore, choline is ...involved in a broad range of critical physiological functions across all stages of the life cycle. The current dietary recommendations for choline have been established as Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline; however, dietary choline is present in multiple different forms that are both water-soluble (e.g., free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid-soluble (e.g., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). Interestingly, the different dietary choline forms consumed during infancy differ from those in adulthood. This can be explained by the primary food source, where the majority of choline present in human milk is in the water-soluble form, versus lipid-soluble forms for foods consumed later on. This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.
Turmeric, the rhizome of
Curcuma longa
plant belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae, has a history in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of chronic diseases, including ...metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This parallels a prevalence of age- and lifestyle-related diseases, especially CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and associated mortality which has occurred in recent decades. While the chemical composition of turmeric is complex, curcuminoids and essential oils are known as two major groups that display bioactive properties. Curcumin, the most predominant curcuminoid, can modulate several cell signaling pathways involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of CVD, T2D, and related morbidities. Lesser bioactivities have been reported from other curcuminoids and essential oils. This review examines the chemical compositions of turmeric, and related bioactive constituents. A focus was placed on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the protective effects of turmeric and turmeric-derived compounds against diabetes and CVD, compiled from the findings obtained with cell-based and animal models. Evidence from clinical trials is also presented to identify potential preventative and therapeutic efficacies. Clinical studies with longer intervention durations and specific endpoints for assessing health outcomes are warranted in order to fully evaluate the long-term protective efficacy of turmeric.
•Alkaline hot water increased the yield of orange peel extract.•Orange peel extract have higher anti-inflammatory activity than their equivalent flavonoid mixtures.•Nobiletin is a good marker for ...anti-inflammatory potential of orange peel extract.•Xinhui and Sichuan nchenpi have higher bioactivities than conventional chenpi.
Dried citrus peel derived from Citrus reticulata, also called “chenpi”, possesses a complex mixture of flavonoids and has a history of traditional use to treat a variety of digestive disorders. We compared three sources of conventional chenpi from California (USA), Guangxi, Zhejiang, and two sources of “nchenpi”, which contain greater nobiletin content, from Sichuan and Xinhui (China). Xinhui orange peel extract (OPE) had highest content of polymethoxylated flavones, along with greatest capacity to scavenge 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-pcrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH) radicals and nitric oxide (NO). OPE also had higher NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitory activity than an equivalent mixture of flavonoids (P<0.05). In conclusion, nobiletin is a good chemical marker for assessing the anti-inflammatory potential of OPE from different sources. Obtaining “nchenpi” from either Sichuan or Xinhui provided potentially superior health benefits compared to conventional chenpi sources.
Curcumin is the major bioactive component in turmeric with potent antioxidant activity. Little is known about how pulsed light (PL) technology (an emerging non-thermal food processing technology ...relying on high intensity short duration flashes of light) can affect the chemical stability and antioxidant capacity of curcumin. This study found that PL treatment of fluence levels from 0 to 12.75 J/cm.sup.2 produced a fluence-dependent reduction in curcumin content. These results paralleled the production of a tentative curcumin dimer, identified as a potential photochemical transformation product. PL-treated curcumin at relatively higher fluence levels decreased chemical-based ORAC and ABTS antioxidant capacity, relative to control (P < 0.05). This contrasted the effect observed to increase coincidently both intracellular antioxidant capacity (e.g., DCFH-DA (P < 0.05)) and GSH/GSSG ratio (P < 0.05), respectively, in cultured differentiated Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, the application of PL on curcumin results in photochemical transformation reactions, such as dimerization, which in turn, can enhance biological antioxidant capacity in differentiated Caco-2 cells.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Processing method affects antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of coffee leaves.•JGTP young coffee leaves have the greatest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.•BTP ...mature coffee leaves have the least antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.•BTP mature coffee leaves have dual function on inflammation.•Mature coffee leaves oxidized 48 h have both nitric oxide inhibition and induction effects.
The use of coffee leaves as a novel beverage has recently received consumer interest, but there is little known about how processing methods affect the quality of final product. We applied tea (white, green, oolong and black tea) processing methods to process coffee leaves and then investigated their effects on phytochemical composition and related antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Using Japanese-style green tea-processing of young leaves, and black tea-processing of mature (BTP-M) coffee leaves, produced contrasting effects on phenolic content, and associated antioxidant activity and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in IFN-γ and LPS induced Raw 264.7 cells. BTP-M coffee leaves also had significantly (P < .05) higher responses in NO, iNOS, COX-2, as well as a number of cytokines, in non-induced Raw 264.7. Our findings show that the age of coffee leaves and the type of processing method affect phytochemical profiles sufficiently to produce characteristic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
There are many examples of biologically active food proteins, with physiological significance beyond the pure nutritional requirements that concern available nitrogen for normal growth and ...maintenance. Moreover, there are many physiologically active peptides, derived by protease activity from various food protein sources; however, relationships between structural properties and functional activities have not been completely elucidated. Many bioactive peptides have in common structural properties that include a relatively short peptide residue length (e.g. 2-9 amino acids), possessing hydrophobic amino acid residues in addition to proline, lysine or arginine groups. Bioactive peptides are also resistant to the action of digestion peptidases. Antihypertensive peptides, known as Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been derived from milk, corn and fish protein sources. Peptides with opioid activities are derived from wheat gluten or casein, following digestion with pepsin. Exorphins, or opioid peptides derived from food proteins such as wheat and milk (e.g. exogenous sources) have similar structure to endogenous opioid peptides, with a tyrosine residue located at the amino terminal or bioactive site. Immunomodulatory peptides derived from tryptic hydrolysates of rice and soybean proteins act to stimulate superoxide anions (reactive oxygen species-ROS), which triggers non-specific immune defense systems. Antioxidant properties that prevent peroxidation of essential fatty acids have also been shown for peptides derived from milk proteins. The addition of a Leu or Pro residue to the N-terminus of a His-His, dipeptide will enhance antioxidant activity and facilitate further synergy with non-peptide antioxidants (e.g. BHT). We also show herein, that the tryptic digests of casein yielding caseinophosphopeptides exhibits both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activity due to both metal ion sequestering and quenching of ROS. The separation and purification of bioactive peptides which will involve development of automated and continuous systems is an important field for Food chemists. Much effort has been given to develop selective column chromatography methods that can replace batch methods of salting out, or using solvent extraction to isolate and purify bioactive peptides. Advances here will enable recovery of bioactive peptides with minimal destruction thus enabling utilization by returning these active peptides to functional food or specific nutraceutical applications.
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•Caffeine showed pro-inflammatory effects in IFN-γ and LPS induced Raw 264.7 cells.•Aqueous fraction of coffee leaf extract increased nitric oxide, iNOS, COX-2, IL-6 and IL-10 ...production.•Fraction eluted by 40% methanol showed highest anti-inflammatory activities than the other fractions.•The anti-inflammatory activities of coffee leaf fractions are not mainly attributed to the presence of CQAs, mangiferin, rutin, and caffeine.•The anti-/pro-inflammatory activities of coffee leaf extracts influenced by the polarity of chemical components.
Our previous study reported that different tea processing methods along with the age of coffee leaves affected antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities; however, identification of phytochemical components or associated mixtures that contribute to the anti-/pro-inflammatory activities was not determined. Herein, we report results of additional experiments designed to characterize the phytochemical composition of fractionated coffee leaf extract, derived from Japanese-style-green-tea-process-young (JGTP-Y) and black-tea-process-mature (BTP-M) leaves and related these data to anti-/pro-inflammatory activities. The aqueous fraction of BTP-M coffee leaves induced nitric oxide (NO), iNOS, COX-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production in Raw 264.7 cells. A 40% methanol fraction possessed greatest anti-inflammatory activities in IFN-γ and LPS treated Raw 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory activities of coffee leaf fractions could not only be attributed to chlorogenic acids, mangiferin, rutin, and caffeine content, but possibly subtle interactions of mixtures of bioactive molecules.
A 2D-intestinal epithelial Caco-2/RAW 264.7 macrophage co-culture model was developed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of different phenolic acids to mitigate changes in Caco-2 epithelial cell ...redox state initiated both directly by autoxidation products, H2O2, and indirectly through cell communication events originating from cytokine stimulated macrophage. An inducer cocktail (lipopolysaccharide + interferon gamma) was used to activate RAW 264.7 cells in the 2D- Caco-2/RAW co-culture and intracellular changes in Caco-2 cell redox signaling occurred in response to positive changes (p < 0.05) in inflammatory biomarkers derived in macrophage that included IL-6, TNF-α, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, respectively. Phenolic acids varied in relative capacity to reduce NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in cocktail inflamed induced macrophage. This response in addition to the relative predisposition of gallic acid (GA) to undergo autoxidation to generate H2O2 activity (p < 0.05), culminated in downstream cell signaling in Caco-2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activity (increase 26.9 %), altered monolayer integrity (increase 33.7 %), and release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) (decrease 80.5 %) (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the co-culture model described herein was useful to assess the importance of communication between cytokine stimulated macrophage and intestinal cells. Moreover, the relative unique efficacy of GA, compared to other phenolic acids tested to protect against activated macrophage induced changes related to intestinal dysfunction were particularly relevant to epithelial redox signaling, intestinal permeability and regulation of tight junction proteins. This study concludes that phenolic acids are not equal in the capacity to protect against intestinal cell dysfunction despite some indication of biological activity.
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•Developed 2D Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model for phenolic acid bioactive capacity.•Phenolic acids varied in NF-κB reduction capacity in inflamed macrophages.•GA protected against macrophage-induced intestinal dysfunction.•Gallic acid (GA) showed significant impact on Caco-2 cell redox signaling•This co-culture model enabled novel examination of macrophage-intestinal cell communication.
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