Social decisions depend on reliable information about others. Consequently, social primates are motivated to acquire information about the identity, social status, and reproductive quality of others ...1. Neurophysiological 2 and neuroimaging 3, 4 studies implicate the striatum in the motivational control of behavior. Neuroimaging studies specifically implicate the ventromedial striatum in signaling motivational aspects of social interaction 5. Despite this evidence, precisely how striatal neurons encode social information remains unknown. Therefore, we probed the activity of single striatal neurons in monkeys choosing between visual social information at the potential expense of fluid reward. We show for the first time that a population of neurons located primarily in medial striatum selectively signals social information. Surprisingly, representation of social information was unrelated to simultaneously expressed social preferences. A largely nonoverlapping population of neurons that was not restricted to the medial striatum signaled information about fluid reward. Our findings demonstrate that information about social context and nutritive reward are maintained largely independently in striatum, even when both influence decisions to execute a single action.
► Single neurons in striatum encode social information ► Typically, striatal neurons signal social or fluid information, but not both ► Topographically distinct information channels process social and fluid reward
Proposed as a safer alternative to smoking, the use of electronic cigarettes has not proven to be innocuous. With numerous deaths, there is an increasing degree of public interest in understanding ...the symptoms, imaging appearances, causes of, and treatment of electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Patients with EVALI typically have a nonspecific clinical presentation characterized by a combination of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms. EVALI is a diagnosis of exclusion; the patient must elicit a history of recent vaping within 90 days, other etiologies must be eliminated, and chest imaging findings must be abnormal. Chest CT findings in EVALI most commonly show a pattern of acute lung injury on the spectrum of organizing pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage. The pathologic pattern found depends on when in the evolution of the disease process the biopsy sample is taken. Other less common forms of lung injury, including acute eosinophilic pneumonia and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, have also been reported. Radiologists and pathologists help play an important role in the evaluation of patients suspected of having EVALI. Accurate and rapid identification may decrease morbidity and mortality by allowing for aggressive clinical management and glucocorticoid administration, which have been shown to decrease the severity of lung injury in some patients. In this review, the authors summarize the current state of the art for the imaging and pathologic findings of this disorder and outline a few of the major questions that remain to be answered.
Ionomers in the catalyst layer play a critical role in the performance of fuel cells and electrolyzers. Phenyl adsorption on hydrogen oxidation catalysts and electrochemical oxidation of phenyl ...moieties on oxygen evolution catalysts are detrimental to the alkaline devices’ performance. Here the adsorption energy of phenyl‐containing ionomers is compared to provide the rationale for implementing phenyl‐free ionomers. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the norbornane fragment has minimal adsorption energy on Pt(111) due to the absence of aromatic π electrons. A soluble quaternized polynorbornene ionomer is prepared by vinyl addition polymerization, and it exhibits high performance in both fuel cells and electrolyzers, proving the advantage of the phenyl‐free structure. This study establishes the phenyl adsorption energy‐electrode performance relationship, highlighting the importance of material interactions between the catalysts and ionomers.
Assessing the phenyl adsorption energy of the ionomer fragment is a powerful tool to predict ionomer performance in anion exchange membrane‐based electrochemical devices. A phenyl‐free polynorbornene copolymer ionomer synthesized by vinyl addition reaction provides the lowest interaction with electrocatalysts in the catalyst layer, allowing high performance in anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers.
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