The second-order velocity structure function statistics have been analysed using a DNS database of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames subjected to unburned gas forcing. The flames ...considered here represent combustion for moderate values of Karlovitz number from the wrinkled flamelets to the thin reaction zones regimes of turbulent premixed combustion. It has been found that the second-order structure functions exhibit the theoretical asymptotic scalings in the dissipative and (relatively short) inertial ranges. However, the constant of proportionality for the theoretical asymptotic variation for the inertial range changes from one case to another, and this value also changes with structure function orientation. The variation of the structure functions for small length scale separation remains proportional to the square of the separation distance. However, the constant of proportionality for the limiting behaviour according to the separation distance square remains significantly different from the theoretical value obtained in isotropic turbulence. The disagreement increases with increasing turbulence intensity. It has been found that turbulent velocity fluctuations within the flame brush remain anisotropic for all cases considered here and this tendency strengthens towards the trailing edge of the flame brush. It indicates that the turbulence models derived based on the assumptions of homogeneous isotropic turbulence may not be fully valid for turbulent premixed flames.
The influence of non-Newtonian fluid behavior on the flow statistics of turbulent bubble-laden downflow in a vertical channel is investigated. A Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) study is conducted ...for power-law fluids with power-law indexes of 0.7 (shear-thinning), 1 (Newtonian) and 1.3 (shear-thickening) in the liquid phase at a gas volume fraction of 6%. The flow is driven downward by a constant volumetric flow rate corresponding to a friction Reynolds number of Reτ≈127.3. The Eötvös number is varied between Eo=0.3125 and Eo=3.75 in order to investigate the influence of quasi-spherical as well as wobbling bubbles and thus the interplay of the bubble deformability with the power-law behavior of the liquid bulk. The resulting first- and second-order fluid statistics, i.e., the gas fraction, mean velocity and velocity fluctuation profiles across the channel, show clear trends in reply to varying power-law indexes. In addition, it was observed that the bubble oscillations increase with decreasing power-law index. In the channel core, the bubbles significantly increase the dissipation rate, which, in contrast to its behavior at the wall, shows similar orders of magnitude for all power-law indexes.
With regard to structure–function relations of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters several intriguing questions are in the spotlight of active research: Why do functional ABC transporters possess ...two ATP binding and hydrolysis domains together with two ABC signatures and to what extent are the individual nucleotide-binding domains independent or interacting? Where is the substrate-binding site and how is ATP hydrolysis functionally coupled to the transport process itself? Although much progress has been made in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of ABC transporters in the last years by several crystallographic studies including novel models for the nucleotide hydrolysis and translocation catalysis, site-directed mutagenesis as well as the identification of natural mutations is still a major tool to evaluate effects of individual amino acids on the overall function of ABC transporters. Apart from alterations in characteristic sequence such as Walker A, Walker B and the ABC signature other parts of ABC proteins were subject to detailed mutagenesis studies including the substrate-binding site or the regulatory domain of CFTR. In this review, we will give a detailed overview of the mutation analysis reported for selected ABC transporters of the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies, namely HsCFTR/ABCC7, HsSUR/ABCC8,9, HsMRP1/ABCC1, HsMRP2/ABCC2, ScYCF1 and P-glycoprotein (Pgp)/MDR1/ABCB1 and their effects on the function of each protein.
Explore powerful Azure DevOps solutions to develop and deploy your software faster and more efficiently.Key FeaturesBuild modern microservice-based systems with Azure architecture
Learn to deploy and ...manage cloud services and virtual machines
Configure clusters with Azure Service Fabric for deployment
Book DescriptionThis Learning Path helps you understand microservices architecture and leverage various services of Microsoft Azure Service Fabric to build, deploy, and maintain highly scalable enterprise-grade applications. You will learn to select an appropriate Azure backend structure for your solutions and work with its toolkit and managed apps to share your solutions with its service catalog. As you progress through the Learning Path, you will study Azure Cloud Services, Azure-managed Kubernetes, and Azure Container Services deployment techniques. To apply all that you've understood, you will build an end-to-end Azure system in scalable, decoupled tiers for an industrial bakery with three business domains. Toward the end of this Learning Path, you will build another scalable architecture using Azure Service Bus topics to send orders between decoupled business domains with scalable worker roles processing these orders.By the end of this Learning Path, you will be comfortable in using development, deployment, and maintenance processes to build robust cloud solutions on Azure.This Learning Path includes content from the following Packt products:Learn Microsoft Azure by Mohamed WaliImplementing Azure Solutions - Second Edition by Florian Klaffenbach, Oliver Michalski, Markus KleinMicroservices with Azure by Namit Tanasseri and Rahul RaiWhat you will learnStudy various Azure Service Fabric application programming models
Create and manage a Kubernetes cluster in Azure Kubernetes Service
Use site-to-site VPN and ExpressRoute connections in your environment
Design an Azure IoT app and learn to operate it in various scenarios
Implement a hybrid Azure design using Azure Stack
Build Azure SQL databases with Code First Migrations
Integrate client applications with Web API and SignalR on Azure
Implement the Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) across the entire systemWho this book is forIf you are an IT system architect, network admin, or a DevOps engineer who wants to implement Azure solutions for your organization, this Learning Path is for you. Basic knowledge of the Azure Cloud platform will be beneficial.
The numerical simulation of laminar separation followed by transition and re-attachment of a turbulent boundary layer has been investigated with particular focus on the prediction of the transition ...process. The turbulence has been modeled using hybrid RANS-LES models, namely the variants DDES and IDDES. For reference, a computation with nearly DNS-like resolution is featured. Using differently fine meshes, the prediction of the shear layer vortex breakup process into turbulence has been observed in terms of turbulence intensities and turbulence length scales. It is shown how these properties develop during the transition process going along with flow re-attachment. Slight differences arise between DDES and IDDES, the latter one operating in a mode of wall-modeled LES. To describe the impact on the aerodynamic properties, the probability of flow separation along the transition process is presented and the correlation between length scales, turbulence intensity and flow separation is discussed. Conclusions are drawn on the applicability and qualification of the turbulence models as well as on requirements concerning mesh resolution and discretization schemes.
•Simulation of laminar separation followed by transition and re-attachment.•Demonstration of mesh resolution impact on the transition process.•Discussion of the transition process in terms of turbulence intensities and length scales.•Observation of separation probability during transition to characterize re-attachment of flow.•Considerations of model applicability and requirements.
The literature on social stratification has paid considerable attention to whether and to what extent attending prestigious universities is beneficial for graduates’ labor market returns. This paper ...contributes to the literature by applying a more dynamic perspective in asking whether graduates from prestigious and less prestigious universities differ in their career progression across fourteen years since labor market entry. It further investigates whether graduating from prestigious universities pays off more or less for graduates from different educational backgrounds. While the positive selection hypothesis suggests that students most likely to attend prestigious universities will benefit the most, the negative selection hypothesis suggests the opposite. Using multilevel growth curve modeling and the 1970 British Cohort Study (N = 939), the findings show no discernible differences in occupational prestige between graduates from diverse universities. If at all, there is a small Russell Group premium restricted to the early working career. This early Russell Group premium is mainly found among first-generation graduates providing evidence for the negative selection hypothesis.
The study examines the question to what extent children and adolescents differ in terms of motor performance in dependence of their socio-economic status (SES). A sample of 1389 students in Saarland ...(Germany) in various grades (1st grade: age 7.26 ± 0.38 years, 4th grade: 10.3 ± 0.4 years, 7th grade: 13.44 ± 0.49 years, 10th grade: 16.36 ± 0.69 years) has been examined. Their motor performance has been measured by means of 20-m sprint, standing long jump and a 6-minute run, and the SES by means of a parent survey. Based on the indicators school education, professional education, job position and household income, the SES was categorised in a three-step approach (low, middle, high). The influence on dependent variables was analysed by using multivariate analysis of variance. Students with a higher SES exhibit a higher motor performance compared with that of lower SES (results of the multivariate: Pillai's Trace = .05, F
6; 2526
= 12.56, p = .001;
). In addition, the data for students of higher SES differ significantly from the data of a German reference sample (higher motor performance compared with standard values). In contrast, persons of lower SES do not differ from the reference sample, and those of middle SES differ only slightly from the reference sample. The results are relevant when considering specific prevention efforts concerning motor performance of certain groups. Especially those institutions and schools should be focused upon whose catchment area includes a high share of socially disadvantaged population groups.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag untersucht die Entwicklung der Wählerschaft von Bündnis90/Die Grünen seit der Gründung der Partei. Die Datengrundlage bilden die kumulierten ALLBUS-Erhebungen der Jahre ...1980–2018. Über den Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg zeigt sich für Westdeutschland ein steigender Trend in der Unterstützung von Bündnis90/Die Grünen. Mittels einer hierarchischen Alter-Perioden-Kohorten-Analyse mit fixen Kohorteneffekten (HAPK-FC) wird gezeigt, dass die Unterstützung für Bündnis90/Die Grünen in der Generationenfolge zunimmt. Lebenszykluseffekte existieren hingegen nicht. Darüber hinaus lässt sich ein positiver Effekt der Zugehörigkeit zur sozialen und kulturellen Dienstklasse auf die Wahl der Grünen nachweisen. In abgeschwächter Form zeigen sich diese Befunde auch in Ostdeutschland.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) primary leaves synthesize saponarin, a 2-fold glucosylated flavone (apigenin 6-C-glucosyl-7-O-glucoside), which is efficiently accumulated in vacuoles via a transport ...mechanism driven by the proton gradient. Vacuoles isolated from mesophyll protoplasts of the plant line anthocyanin-less310 (ant310), which contains a mutation in the chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene that largely inhibits flavonoid biosynthesis, exhibit strongly reduced transport activity for saponarin and its precursor isovitexin (apigenin 6-C-glucoside). Incubation of ant310 primary leaf segments or isolated mesophyll protoplasts with naringenin, the product of the CHI reaction, restores saponarin biosynthesis almost completely, up to levels of the wild-type Ca33787. During reconstitution, saponarin accumulates to more than 90% in the vacuole. The capacity to synthesize saponarin from naringenin is strongly reduced in ant310 miniprotoplasts containing no central vacuole. Leaf segments and protoplasts from ant310 treated with naringenin showed strong reactivation of saponarin or isovitexin uptake by vacuoles, while the activity of the UDP-glucose:isovitexin 7-O-glucosyltransferase was not changed by this treatment. Our results demonstrate that efficient vacuolar flavonoid transport is linked to intact flavonoid biosynthesis in barley. Intact flavonoid biosynthesis exerts control over the activity of the vacuolar flavonoid/H⁺-antiporter. Thus, the barley ant310 mutant represents a novel model system to study the interplay between flavonoid biosynthesis and the vacuolar storage mechanism.
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