This study is based on research that provided precise insights into changes in social relations in Venice during the last war with the Ottoman Empire, known as the Second Morean War 1714–1718. The ...focus is on very complex relations between Daniel IV Dolphin (1656–1729) and Andrea Pisani (1662–1718), as representatives of the two strongest factions in the patriciate. British sources, more precisely than Venetian contemporaries, related the general crisis of government with most important personalities on whom the war efforts were based. This study seeks to underline the credibility and precision of British sources while using achievements of contemporary Italian historiography, with respects to the visible progress over the past decades in research of the various phenomena of the Venetian patriciate.
The research is based on documents from the National Archives in London, State Papers, Foreign, Venice (n° 99), folders n° 60 i 61. These documents contain precious information on political changes ...in Italy after 1714 in the light of British interests and from the perspective of British contemporaries as the Treaty of Rastatt has ordered a shift of authorities in the Naples and Sicily. The Austrian takeover of these Spanish possessions has produced important consequences for British interests in the Mediterranean. This research reconstructed the events from the perspective of these interests.
The paper discusses the activities of Mirislav Zanović, the leader of the pro-French political faction in the Bay of Kotor at the end of the 18th and the first years of the 19th century. This ...research indicates that the first reliable data on his pro-French orientation date back to the end of 1793. At that time, the general providor of Dalmatia, Alvize Marin, was warned about individuals in Boka, who were suspected of feeling sympathy towards the Revolution and its ideas. In October 1795, Mirislav tried to launch a rebellion, motivated by the ideas of brotherhood and freedom. This revolt was aimed at liberating certain areas on the border from Ottoman servitude. It was quelled, while Mirislav was kept in prison for some time, in Venice. He was released after the French conquered the city and sent to Budva to propagate the ideas of the Revolution and work to win over the local population. The paper also discusses its position during the first Austrian (1797–1805), Russian (1806–1807) and French (1807–1813) rule in Boka. Although the Austrian authorities harbored suspicion of Mirislav, he managed to survive thanks to the influence of his father, Count Antun Zanović, who was appointed manager of Budva. Mirislav found himself in the most difficult position during the Russian rule, when he spent some time in prison. He reached the peak of his rise in the political life of Boka during the French rule, when he was appointed to certain administrative positions in Budva. After France lost all illusions about the possibility of the survival of its government in Boka, Mirislav, thanks to good relations with Bishop Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, changed sides in 1813, denying any support to France. In the years that followed, Mirislav was relegated to the background. He spent a short time in prison in Dubrovnik, after which he was released, but was placed under surveillance by the Austrian authorities for the rest of his life.
The British government did not appoint its representative in Rome, so the British in Venice were obliged to regularly inform on the developments in the Papal States. For this reason, their reports ...contain data that reveal certain aspects of the daily life in the Papal States, primarily those related to epidemics, hunger, and natural disasters. Our research is based on the archival material and relevant histories of this era, as well as the contemporary results of historical science for comparative analysis and the creation of an objective scientific picture of the epidemics and other natural disasters that affected the inhabitants of the Papal States in this short period at the beginning of the 18th century.
The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to three essential oils (EOs), 12 naturally occurring monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated and phenolic monoterpenes and three reference antibiotics were ...studied. Classification and comparison of essential oils and monoterpenes on the basis of their chemical composition and antibacterial activity were made by the utilization of principal component analyses (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). The most abundant compound in the Thymus glabrescens Willd. and Thymus pulegioides L. EOs is geraniol (33.8% and 52.5%), while the main constituent in Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. EO is limonene (16,1%). The compound that was the most active against H. pylori was carvacrol. EOs of T. glabrescens and S. kitaibelii exhibit higher antibacterial ability in comparison with all monoterpenes, except carvacrol, probably based on the concept of synergistic activity of essential oil components. PCA separated essential oils based on chemical composition and explain 96.5% of the total variance in the first two principal components. Essential oils, phenolic monoterpenes and two antibiotics were classified in the same sub-cluster within AHC analyses. EOs of T. glabrescens and S. kitaibelii can be used to treat infections caused by H. pylori, as a potentially effective, cheap and safe natural products. Further research of antibacterial activity of selected monoterpenes, essential oils and standard antibiotic combinations, as well as clinical study are required.
The berberine accumulation in Berberis vulgaris and antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori were examined. The antibacterial activities of berberine, the main alkaloid of ...B. vulgaris, and standard antimicrobials metronidazole and tetracycline were also determined. Berberine content was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts, berberine and reference antibiotics was tested by the broth microdilution method. The highest amount of berberine was found in the root bark (3.99 g/kg, dry wt). The plant extracts tested exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori, but the activities were lower than those of berberine.
This work analysess the opinion of Vatican and Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) about new relations in Italy, that are consequences of Rastatt and Utrecht treaties. Archive materials from the National ...Archives in London, specifically reports of an England's representative in Venice were used. Since he regularly received reports from Rome, Naples and Sicily, Christian Cole regularly and dutifully informed London of occurrences in these states. Due to the mentioned fact, his correspondence provides a certain overview of events in Vatican, and some dispositions are opposed to those revealed by the historiography of this period. The Utrecht Peace caused significant changes in the Apennine Peninsula, and Vatican was not prepared to accept them. Break-through of Austria into this part of Europe is, by all means, one of its most important consequences. One of pontiff's responses to changes on the political map of Italy was his approaching to Charles VI, whom he saw as a protector of the Catholic Church, in the period when the conflict with Louis XIV culminated because of his efforts to achieve autonomy for the Gallican church. After Rastatt, the Pope became deeply disappointed with Charles VI. This was bound to happen, since Charles VI tried to introduce the Kingdom of Naples into his sphere of interest, which was in conflict with Vatican's interest, and the approaching noticed during 1713 could not last for long, in the circumstances when the Pope had to fight for his endangered privileges.
Mediation of Robert Sutton during the Passarowitz Peace Conference in 1718 has confirmed the Britain’s new role in international relations. At the same time France approached Britain, confirming a ...new course of its foreign policy. However, such approaching threatened to spoil relations between Britain and Austria. From the last decades of the seventeenth century, British alliance with Austria was highly significant, and therefore as the mediator in peace talks between Austria and Turkey was elected Robert Sutton, already experienced as British Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte. Britain expected that both sides will take into account his diplomatic experience and political credibility. His role turned out to become additionally significant within highly complicated international circumstances. Particularly concerned with the Russian military involvement in the area of Mecklenburg and the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic, as well as with renewed ambitions of Spain in Italy, British government sought to simultaneously control and speed up the Passarowitz peace negotiations.
The paper discusses the Catholic Reform as a period of change in the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, which opposed the Reformation, and which contained a symbiosis of religion ...and politics. On the path of consolidation, the Roman Catholic Church did not opt for a gospel approach, and therefore implemented a significant part of its measures precisely through political means, which were sometimes aggressive and at times sophisticated. Significant aspects of the Reform were closer to political action than internal reconstruction and reorganization, with such measures the Roman Catholic Church sought to consolidate and protect against Protestantism.
This work analysess the opinion of Vatican and Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) about new relations in Italy, that are consequences of Rastatt and Utrecht treaties. Archive materials from the National ...Archives in London, specifically reports of an England's representative in Venice were used. Since he regularly received reports from Rome, Naples and Sicily, Christian Cole regularly and dutifully informed London of occurrences in these states. Due to the mentioned fact, his correspondence provides a certain overview of events in Vatican, and some dispositions are opposed to those revealed by the historiography of this period. The Utrecht Peace caused significant changes in the Apennine Peninsula, and Vatican was not prepared to accept them. Break-through of Austria into this part of Europe is, by all means, one of its most important consequences. One of pontiff's responses to changes on the political map of Italy was his approaching to Charles VI, whom he saw as a protector of the Catholic Church, in the period when the conflict with Louis XIV culminated because of his efforts to achieve autonomy for the Gallican church. After Rastatt, the Pope became deeply disappointed with Charles VI. This was bound to happen, since Charles VI tried to introduce the Kingdom of Naples into his sphere of interest, which was in conflict with Vatican's interest, and the approaching noticed during 1713 could not last for long, in the circumstances when the Pope had to fight for his endangered privileges.
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