Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a) was discovered as the first optical counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW170817. Although its light curve on the timescale of weeks roughly matches the ...expected luminosity and red color of an r-process powered transient, the explanation for the blue emission from high velocity material over the first few days is not as clear. Here we show that the power-law evolution of the luminosity, temperature, and photospheric radius during these early times can be explained by cooling of shock-heated material around the neutron star merger. This heating is likely from the interaction of the gamma-ray burst jet with merger debris, the so-called cocoon emission. We summarize the properties of this emission and provide formulae that can be used to study future detections of shock cooling from merging neutron stars. This argues that optical transient surveys should search for such early, blue light if they wish to find off-axis gamma-ray bursts and double neutron star gravitational wave events as soon as possible after the merger.
Abstract
We explore the consequences of dynamical evolution of field binaries composed of a primary black hole (BH) and a Wolf–Rayet (WR) star in the context of gravitational wave (GW) source ...progenitors. We argue, from general considerations, that the spin of the WR-descendent BH will be maximal in a significant number of cases due to dynamical effects. In other cases, the spin should reflect the natal spin of the primary BH which is currently theoretically unconstrained. We argue that the three currently published LIGO systems (GW150914, GW151226, LVT151012) suggest that this spin is small. The resultant effective spin distribution of gravitational wave sources should thus be bi-model if this classic GW progenitor channel is indeed dominant. While this is consistent with the LIGO detections thus far, it is in contrast to the three best-measured high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems. A comparison of the spin distribution of HMXBs and GW sources should ultimately reveal whether or not these systems arise from similar astrophysical channels.
We explore the implications of the observed low spin of GW150914 within the context of stellar astrophysics and progenitor models. We conclude that many of the recently proposed scenarios are in ...marked tension with this observation. We derive a simple model for the observed spin in the case that the progenitor system was a field binary composed of a black hole (BH) and a Wolf–Rayet star and explore the implications of the observed spin for this model. The spin observation allows us to place a lower limit for the delay time between the formation of the BH+BH binary and the actual merger, t
merge. We use typical values for these systems to derive t
merge ≳ 108 yr, which proves to be an important diagnostic for different progenitor models. We anticipate the next series of events, and the associated spin parameters, will ultimately yield critical constraints on formation scenarios and on stellar parameters describing the late-stage evolution of massive stars.
We present the Magellan/FIRE detection of highly ionized C ivλ1550 and O iiiλ1666 in a deep infrared spectrum of the z = 6.11 gravitationally lensed low-mass galaxy RXC J2248.7-4431-ID3, which has ...previously known Ly . No corresponding emission is detected at the expected location of He iiλ1640. The upper limit on He ii, paired with detection of O iii and C iv, constrains possible ionization scenarios. Production of C iv and O iii requires ionizing photons of 2.5-3.5 Ryd, but once in that state their multiplet emission is powered by collisional excitation at lower energies (∼0.5 Ryd). As a pure recombination line, He ii emission is powered by 4 Ryd ionizing photons. The data therefore require a spectrum with significant power at 3.5 Ryd but a rapid drop toward 4.0 Ryd. This hard spectrum with a steep drop is characteristic of low-metallicity stellar populations, and less consistent with soft AGN excitation, which features more 4 Ryd photons and hence higher He ii flux. The conclusions based on ratios of metal line detections to helium non-detection are strengthened if the gas metallicity is low. RXJ2248-ID3 adds to the growing handful of reionization-era galaxies with UV emission line ratios distinct from the general population in a way that suggests hard ionizing spectra that do not necessarily originate in AGNs.
ABSTRACT
Theoretical models of protoplanetary disc dispersal predict a phase where photoevaporation has truncated the disc at several au, creating a pressure trap which is dust-rich. Previous models ...predicted this phase could be long-lived (∼Myr), contrary to the observational constraints. We show that dust in the pressure trap can be removed from the disc by radiation pressure exerting a significant acceleration, and hence radial velocity, on small dust particles that reside in the surface layers of the disc. The dust in the pressure trap is not subject to radial drift so it can grow to reach sizes large enough to fragment. Hence small particles removed from the surface layers are replaced by the fragments of larger particles. This link means radiation pressure can deplete the dust at all particle sizes. Through a combination of 1D and 2D models, along with secular models that follow the disc’s long-term evolution, we show that radiation pressure can deplete dust from pressure traps created by photoevaporation in ∼105 yr, while the photoevaporation created cavity still resides at 10 s of au. After this phase of radiation pressure removal of dust, the disc is gas-rich and dust depleted and radially optically thin to stellar light, having observational signatures similar to a gas-rich, young debris disc. Indeed many of the young stars (≲10 Myr old) classified as hosting a debris disc may rather be discs that have undergone this process.
Rapidly spinning magnetars can potentially form through the accretion induced collapse of a white dwarf or by neutron star (NS) mergers if the equation of state of the nuclear density matter is such ...that two low-mass NSs can form a massive NS rather than a black hole. In either case, the newborn magnetar is an attractive site for the production of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (particles with individual energies exceeding 10 super(18) eV; UHECRs). The short-period spin and strong magnetic field are able to accelerate particles up to appropriate energies, and the composition of material on and around the magnetar may naturally explain recent inferences of heavy elements in UHECRs. We explore whether the small amount of natal debris surrounding these magnetars allows UHECRs to escape easily. We also investigate the impact on the UHECRs of the unique environment around the magnetar, which consists of a bubble of relativistic particles and magnetic field within the debris. The rates and energetics of UHECRs are consistent with such an origin, even though the rates of events that produce rapidly spinning magnetars remain very uncertain. The low ejecta mass also helps the high-energy neutrino background associated with this scenario to be below current IceCube constraints over most of the magnetar parameter space. A unique prediction is that UHECRs may be generated in old stellar environments without strong star formation, in contrast to what would be expected for other UHECR scenarios, such as active galactic nuclei or long gamma-ray bursts.
We analyse cosmological hydrodynamic simulations that include theoretically and observationally motivated prescriptions for galactic outflows. If these simulated winds accurately represent winds in ...the real Universe, then material previously ejected in winds provides the dominant source of gas infall for new star formation at redshifts z < 1. This recycled wind accretion, or wind mode, provides a third physically distinct accretion channel in addition to the ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ modes emphasized in recent theoretical studies. The recycling time of wind material (trec) is shorter in higher mass systems owing to the interaction between outflows and the increasingly higher gas densities in and around higher mass haloes. This differential recycling plays a central role in shaping the present-day galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF), because declining trec leads to increasing wind mode galaxy growth in more massive haloes. For the three feedback models explored, the wind mode dominates above a threshold mass that primarily depends on wind velocity; the shape of the GSMF therefore can be directly traced back to the feedback prescription used. If we remove all particles that were ever ejected in a wind, then the predicted GSMFs are much steeper than observed. In this case, galaxy masses are suppressed both by the ejection of gas from galaxies and by the hydrodynamic heating of their surroundings, which reduces subsequent infall. With wind recycling included, the simulation that incorporates our favoured momentum-driven wind scalings reproduces the observed GSMF for stellar masses 109 M⊙≤M≤ 5 × 1010 M⊙. At higher masses, wind recycling leads to excessive galaxy masses and star formation rates relative to observations. In these massive systems, some quenching mechanism must suppress not only the direct accretion from the primordial intergalactic medium but the re-accretion of gas ejected from star-forming galaxies. In short, as has long been anticipated, the form of the GSMF is governed by outflows; the unexpected twist here for our simulated winds is that it is not primarily the ejection of material but how the ejected material is re-accreted that governs the GSMF.
We report new observations of circumgalactic gas from the COS-Dwarfs survey, a systematic investigation of the gaseous halos around 43 low-mass z < or =, slant 0.1 galaxies using background QSOs ...observed with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. From the projected one-dimensional and two-dimensional distribution of C IV absorption, we find that C IV is detected out to approximately 100 kpc (corresponding roughly to approximately 0.5 R sub(vir)) of the host galaxies. The C IV absorption strength falls off radially as a power law, and beyond approximately 0.5 R sub(vir) no C IV absorption is detected above our sensitivity limit of approximately 50-100 mA. We find a tentative correlation between detected C IV absorption strength and star formation, paralleling the strong correlation seen in highly ionized oxygen for L ~ L* galaxies by the COS-Halos survey. The data imply a large carbon reservoir in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of these galaxies, corresponding to a minimum carbon mass of gap1.2 x 10 super(6) M sub(middot in circle) out to ~110 kpc. This mass is comparable to the carbon mass in the interstellar medium and exceeds the carbon mass currently in the stars of these galaxies. The C IV absorption seen around these sub-L* galaxies can account for almost two-thirds of all W sub(r) > or =, slanted 100 mA C IV absorption detected at low z. Comparing the C IV covering fraction with hydrodynamical simulations, we find that an energy-driven wind model is consistent with the observations whereas a wind model of constant velocity fails to reproduce the CGM or the galaxy properties.
We present a multi-wavelength compilation of new and previously published photometry for 55 Galactic field RR Lyrae variables. Individual studies, spanning a time baseline of up to 30 years, are ...self-consistently phased to produce light curves in 10 photometric bands covering the wavelength range from 0.4 to 4.5 microns. Data smoothing via the GLOESS technique is described and applied to generate high-fidelity light curves, from which mean magnitudes, amplitudes, rise times, and times of minimum and maximum light are derived. 60,000 observations were acquired using the new robotic Three-hundred MilliMeter Telescope (TMMT), which was first deployed at the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, CA, and is now permanently installed and operating at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. We provide a full description of the TMMT hardware, software, and data reduction pipeline. Archival photometry contributed approximately 31,000 observations. Photometric data are given in the standard Johnson UBV, Kron-Cousins , 2MASS JHK, and Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 bandpasses.
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