Dok je zastava broda oduvijek odražavala vezu između nacionalnosti brodovlasnika i broda, promjene koje su se zbile tijekom 20. stoljeća radikalno su izmijenile takvu percepciju. Jednu od glavnih ...uloga u tom preokretu odigrale su zastave pogodnosti koje su za to vrijeme preuzele svjetsku trgovačku fl otu. Nudeći upis brodova pod uvjetima i na način koji odgovara brodovlasnicima u vidu nižih poreza, slabijeg nadzora oko vođenja broda, fleksibilnog pravnog okvira kao i pogodnosti koje dolaze s njim naposlijetku su bivale sve privlačnije budući da su na taj način brodovlasnici minimizirali troškove i povećavali konkurentnost. S druge strane takva vrsta regulatorne praznine kao i nedorečenost koncepta stvarne veze u međunarodnom pravu ubrzo su pokazale svoje nedostatke koji su se očitovali kao narušavanje sigurnosti plovidbe kako su se brojevi ispodstandardnih brodova povećavali, kao i broj ekoloških katastrofa, slučajeva ilegalnog izlova ribe, slučajevi izrabljivanja brodskih posada, itd. U svijetlu sve većeg broja problema, međunarodna zajednica kao i regionalne organizacije pokušavaju otkloniti nedostatke sustava zastava pogodnosti služeći se raznim metodama, od kojih jedan od najprihvaćeniji model nazdora lučkih država (Port state Control).
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of a judoka's psychological readiness in relation to his ability to return to sport. At the present time, the relationship between physical and ...psychological readiness to return to sport has not been adequately elucidated.
This is a cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed via social networks and the German Judo Association collecting data from competitive and recreational judo athletes. The survey collected data on participants' characteristics, history of injury, and psychological readiness to return to sport after injury as determined by either the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury Scale, the Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury Scale, or a modified version of the Return to Sport after Injury Scale depending on the respective type of injury.
The study included 383 judo athletes (272 competitive judo athletes and 112 recreational judo athletes). Regardless of injury location, athletes who achieved return to sports (M = 70.67; SD = 16.47) had higher RSI scores than athletes that did not return to sports (M = 53.88; SD = 19.12; p < 0.0001). Male athletes (M = 65.60; SD = 19.34) did show significantly higher RSI scores than female athletes (M = 60.45; SD = 19.46). The RSI score differed for different time loss categories, F(7, 375) = 11.309, p < 0.001, η
= .174 with decreasing RSI scores for longer time loss and lowest RSI scores in athletes, who never returned to sports. RSI scores of athletes with knee injuries differed from athletes with other injury locations (10.23, 95% CI 4.08, 16.38). After adjusting for time loss due to injury, competitive athletes had higher RSI scores than competitive athletes (F (1, 382) = 7.250, p < 0.001, partial η
= .02). Conservatively treated athletes (M = 66.58; SD = 18.54) had higher RSI scores than surgically treated athletes (M = 59.05; SD = 20.01; p < 0.05).
Based on the data of this study, type of injury, sport level, treatment method, and gender appear to influence psychological readiness on judoka and their ability to return to sport. The multiple factors that influence a judoka and their ability to return to sport argue for individualized treatment of judoka and their psychological state after injury in the return to sport process.
Testbeam studies of production modules of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Alexa, C.; Anderson, K.; Biscarat, C. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2009, Letnik:
606, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We report test beam studies of 11% of the production ATLAS Tile Calorimeter modules. The modules were equipped with production front-end electronics and all the calibration systems planned for the ...final detector. The studies used muon, electron and hadron beams ranging in energy from 3 to 350GeV.
Two independent studies showed that the light yield of the calorimeter was ∼70pe/GeV, exceeding the design goal by 40%. Electron beams provided a calibration of the modules at the electromagnetic energy scale. Over 200 calorimeter cells the variation of the response was 2.4%. The linearity with energy was also measured. Muon beams provided an intercalibration of the response of all calorimeter cells. The response to muons entering in the ATLAS projective geometry showed an RMS variation of 2.5% for 91 measurements over a range of rapidities and modules. The mean response to hadrons of fixed energy had an RMS variation of 1.4% for the modules and projective angles studied. The response to hadrons normalized to incident beam energy showed an 8% increase between 10 and 350GeV, fully consistent with expectations for a noncompensating calorimeter. The measured energy resolution for hadrons of σ/E=52.9%/E⊕5.7% was also consistent with expectations.
Other auxiliary studies were made of saturation recovery of the readout system, the time resolution of the calorimeter and the performance of the trigger signals from the calorimeter.
The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20–180
GeV, produced at CERN's SPS H8 test-beam line in the ATLAS iron–scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter, has been measured. The test-beam ...configuration allowed the measurement of the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It was found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion-to-proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion-induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an analytical shower parametrization within an accuracy of 5–10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parametrized as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry.
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