This paper proposes a framework for identifying the parameters of a lumped routing model in small to medium sized catchments where lateral inflows can be large but poorly defined. In a first step, a ...priori estimates of the parameters are made based on topography, aerial photographs, flood marks and field surveys. In a second step, runoff data are analysed of reservoir release events and convective events where no rainfall in the direct catchments occurred. In a third step the routing model is calibrated to the results of hydrodynamic models for scenarios of different magnitudes. In a fourth step, these pieces of information are combined, allowing for soft expert judgement to be incorporated. In a fifth step, the routing parameters are fine tuned to observed flood events where lateral inflows are estimated by a rainfall-runoff model. The framework is illustrated by the Kamp flood forecasting system in Austria that has been in operational use since 2006.
The claret (ca) locus in Drosophila encodes a kinesin-related motor molecule that is required for proper distribution of chromosomes in meiosis in females and in the early mitotic divisions of the ...embryo. Here we demonstrate that a mutant allele of claret non-disjunctional (ca(nd)), non-claret disjunctional Dominant (ncadD), causes abnormalities in meiotic chromosome segregation, but is near wild-type with respect to early mitotic chromosome segregation. DNA sequence analysis of this mutant allele reveals two missense mutations compared with the predicted wild-type protein. One mutation lies in a proposed microtubule binding region of the motor domain and affects an amino acid residue that is conserved in all kinesin-related proteins reported to date. This region of the motor domain can be used to distinguish meiotic and mitotic motor function, defining an amino acid sequence criterion for classifying motors according to function. ncdD's mutant meiotic effect, but near wild-type mitotic effect, suggests that interactions of the ca motor protein with spindle microtubules differ in meiosis and mitosis.
The claret (ca) locus in Drosophila encodes products that are needed both for wild‐type eyecolor and for correct meiotic chromosome segregation. Mutants described previously provide evidence that two ...mutationally independent coding regions are present at ca. We have recovered six new P element‐induced and one spontaneous ca mutant. Four of these new mutants affect both eyecolor and chromosome segregation. The high frequency of co‐mutation of these two functions suggests that the corresponding genes are closely adjacent to one another. We recovered genomic DNA sequences corresponding to the ca locus by chromosome walking, and showed using revertant analysis that the cloned region encodes ca+. Transformation experiments demonstrate that the mutant effect resulting in meiotic chromosome non‐disjunction (nd) and loss is fully rescued by DNA from the cloned region. Two RNAs of 7.4 and 2.2 kb have been identified by Northern blot analysis as the putative eyecolor and segregational products. Expression of the RNAs with respect to males and females, and their presence or absence in ca and nd mutants indicate that the 7.4 kb RNA corresponds to the product needed for wild‐type eyecolor and the 2.2 kb RNA is the product required for normal chromosome segregation. These RNAs are transcribed in opposite directions to one another. Alleles that affect both eyecolor and chromosome segregation are deletion mutants that affect both transcripts. Thus, the putative eyecolor and segregational products are encoded by separate genes. Mutants that affect both eyecolor and chromosome segregation apparently do so because they delete essential regions of both genes.
Bobbed lethal (bbl) chromosomes carry too few ribosomal genes for homozygous flies to be viable. Reversion of bbl chromosomes to bb or nearly bb+ occurs under magnifying conditions at a low frequency ...in a single generation. These reversions occur too rapidly to be accounted for by single unequal sister chromatid exchanges and seem unlikely to be due to multiple sister strand exchanges within a given cell lineage. Analysis of several one-step revertants indicates that they are X-Y recombinant chromosomes which probably arise from X-Y recombination at bb. The addition of ribosomal genes from the Y chromosome to the bbl chromosome explains the more rapid reversion of the bbl chromosome than is permitted by single events of unequal sister chromatid exchange. Analysis of stepwise bbl magnified chromosomes, which were selected over a period of 4-9 magnifying generations, shows ribosomal gene patterns that are closely similar to each other. Similarity in rDNA pattern among stepwise magnified products of the same parental chromosome is consistent with reversion by a mechanism of unequal sister strand exchange.
We have recently shown that magnification, an increase in the number of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) in gametes produced by rDNA-deficient flies, can occur in female Drosophila if they have a Y ...chromosome. We now have tested several X-Y translocation and recombinant chromosomes to determine which parts of the Y chromosome are necessary for magnification to occur in females. Our data indicate that the required region is the distal part of the long arm of the Y chromosome, YL. We have also used X-Y translocation chromosomes to study magnification of rDNA-deficient X chromosomes in males. Our data show that the region of the Y chromosome from the distal end of the nucleolus organizer through the centromere is not required for magnification in males. The frequency of magnification in males with rDNA-deficient Y fragments is comparable to that produced by Ybb-, a chromosome that has often been used to produce magnification in males. These results demonstrate that the Ybb-chromosome is not uniquely effective in causing magnification to occur in males. The results of these studies imply that sequences present on YLare required for magnification to occur in females; these sequences are probably also required for magnification in males. Since unequal sister chromatid exchange has been implicated as the major mechanism of ribosomal gene increase during magnification, the YLsequences required for magnification may be involved in encoding or regulating products needed for sister chromatid recombination in germ-line cells.
The genetically induced increase in the number of 18S + 28S ribosomal genes known as magnification has been reported to occur in male Drosophila but has not previously been observed in females. We ...now report that bobbed magnified (bbm) is recovered in progeny of female Drosophila carrying three different X bobbed (Xbb) chromosomes and the helper XYbb chromosome, which is a derivative of the Ybb- chromosome. Using different combinations of bb or bb+ X and Y chromosomes, we show that magnification in females requires both a deficiency in ribosomal genes and the presence of a Y chromosome: X/X females that are rDNA-deficient but do not carry a Y chromosome do not produce bbm; similarly, X/X/Y females that carry a Y chromosome but are not rDNA-deficient do not produce bbm. Bobbed magnified is only recovered from rDNA-deficient X/XY, X/X/Y or XX/Y females. We have also found that females carrying a ring Xbb chromosome together with the XYbb- chromosome do not produce bbm, indicating that ring X chromosomes are inhibited to magnify in females as in males. We postulate that the requirement for a Y chromosome is due to sequences on the Y chromosome that regulate or encode factor(s) required for magnification, or alternatively, affect pairing of the ribosomal genes.--These studies demonstrate that magnification is not limited to males but also occurs in females. Magnification in females is induced by rDNA-deficient conditions and the presence of a Y chromosome, and probably occurs by a mechanism similar to that in males.
Zusammenfassung
Die Bodenfeuchtigkeit spielt eine zentrale Rolle im hydrologischen Kreislauf auf den verschiedensten Maßstabsskalen. Fernerkundungsmethoden, wie etwa die Aufnahme mit Mikrowellen, ...erlauben eine flächendeckende Beschreibung der Bodenfeuchte an der Landoberfläche. Diese kann als Input für hydrologische Modelle und für Wettervorhersagemodelle, sowie als Information für den Katastrophenschutz dienen. Dieser Beitrag gibt eine Einführung in die aktuellen Entwicklungen von Bodenfeuchtigkeitsprodukten. Anhand von Fallstudien in Österreich wird der Nutzen für hydrologisch-wasserwirtschaftliche Anwendungen aufgezeigt.
This paper presents a strategy for checking the plausibility of a spatially distributed rainfall-runoff model. The basic idea is that, depending on the situation, different processes become dominant ...and hence different model parameters will control the system behaviour. To characterize the situations, three event types are examined: snowmelt-induced events, convective events, and ad-vective events. In addition, the model simulations are analysed on a seasonal scale. This determination of dominant processes facilitates the identification and plausibility check of the model.
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