Relevance
. Victims’ own negligence is a main cause of injuries among the EMERCOM of Russia officers.
The objective
is to analyze occupational injury scenarios caused by ‘victims’ own negligence’ ...among the Federal Fire Service (FFS) officers and workers of the EMERCOM of Russia within 2010 to 2021 timespan.
Methods
. The study examined 10,000 fire service officers to analyze the incidence of occupational injuries due to ‘victims’ own negligence within 2010 to 2021, depending on the injury-associated activity, patient’s position, age, type of injury, weekday and month of injury. We calculated arithmetic average values and errors (M ± m). By knowing the number of injuries and the number of fire service officers at risk, we calculated the risks of injury for specific occupational scenarios.
Results and discussion
. The FFS officers of the EMERCOM of Russia are subject to the average annual risk of injury due to victims’ own negligence of (4.49 ± 0.62) ∙ 10
–4
injuries / (person ∙ year). The risk of injuries commissioned officers (5.54 ± 0.87) ∙ 10
–4
injuries/(person ∙ year) exceeds that among non-commissioned workers (3,14 ± 0,29) ∙ 10
–4
(injuries/person ∙ year). Over 12 years, the incidence of injuries saw a 2.7-fold decrease among commissioned officers and a 1.4-fold decrease among non-commissioned workers. The share of injuries due to ‘victims’ own negligence’ stood at 36 % of the total number of occupational injuries among fire service officers.
Conclusion
. The analysis of injury scenarios due to ‘victims’ own negligence’ among the FFS officers of the EMERCOM of Russia is a contribution to enhance prevention of occupational injuries among firefighters and reduce the death rate in occupational settings.
Relevance. Extreme conditions of activity of the personnel of the operational units of the EMERCOM of Russia while on duty for emergency elimination of the consequences of accidents, disasters, fires ...and other emergency situations (ES), probably cause excessive stress on the functional reserves of the body, along with professionally accelerated diseases, erroneous actions, injuries and even death.
Intention – To conduct an analysis of the risks of death by causes of fatal injuries, type of activity, categories of personnel and operational services of the EMERCOM of Russia for 10 years from 2012 to 2021.
Methodology. The indicators of fatal injuries among personnel (military, employees with special ranks, and workers) of the operational units of the EMERCOM of Russia were obtained from the statistical data bank on morbidity, injuries, disability and death in the line of duty. Deaths of personnel were correlated with activities (liquidation of ES consequences, education and sports, everyday activities), 18 circumstances of injury were classified by causes (technical, organizational, psychophysiological and dangerous ES factors). Risks of death were calculated per 100 thousand ( ×10–5) personnel. Arithmetic means and their errors (M ± m) are indicated.
Results and Discussion. Over 10 years (2012–2021), 202 staff members of the EMERCOM of Russia died on duty due to fatal injuries, on average (20 ± 3) people per year. The average annual risk of death in the operational services of the EMERCOM of Russia was (9.49 ± 1.37) ∙ 10–5, for male workers in the Russian economy it was almost the same, (9.84 ± 0.56) ∙ 10–5, for firefighters from the created array from 32 countries – statistically significantly lower, (2.27 ± 0.29) ∙ 10–5 (p < 0.001). Technical factors were associated with (0.87 ± 0.58) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and accounted for 9.4% of fatalities; organizational factors – with (1.09 ± 0.43) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and 11.4% of fatalities; psychophysiological factors – with (3.70 ± 0.32) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and 39.1 % of fatalities; ES hazards – with (3.83 ± 0.85) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and 41.1% fatalities. Operational activities were associated with (5.31 ± 1.26) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and 55.9 % of all the fatalities; training and sports – with (0.75 ± 0.24) ∙ 10–5 and 8 % of all the fatalities; daily activities were associated with (3.44 ± 0.44) ∙ 10–5 risk of death and 36.1 % all the fatalities.
For the operational staff, risk of death turned out to be (9.06 ± 1.06) ∙ 10–5 and 63.9 %, respectively, for the prevention staff – (5.61 ± 1.42) ∙ 10–5 and 4 %, respectively; for the technical staff – (13.83 ± 5.96) ∙ 10–5 and 15.8 %, respectively, for managers – (10.26 ± 2.64) ∙ 10–5 and 16.8 %, respectively. For the personnel of the Federal Fire Service of the EMERCOM of Russia the risk of death was (7.80 ± 0.74) ∙ 10–5 and 73.8 %, respectively; for the Rescue military units of the EMERCOM of Russia – (37.32 ±19.10) ∙ 10–5 and 13.4 %, respectively; for the Search and Rescue and Emergency rescue units of the EMERCOM of Russia – (20.45 ± 8.13) ∙ 10–5 and 5 %, respectively, for Paramilitary mine rescue units of the EMERCOM of Russia – (38.65 ± 20.14) ∙ 10–5 and 6.4 %, respectively; for the State Inspectorate for Small Vessels of the EMERCOM of Russia – ( 5.36 ± 3.81) ∙ 10–5 and 1.5 %, respectively. The risk of death was low for prevention personnel, medium for operational staff and management personnel, and high for technical personnel. A low risk of death was observed among the personnel of the State Inspectorate for Small Vessels of the EMERCOM of Russia, medium risk was observed among the personnel of the Federal Fire Service of the EMERCOM of Russia, and a high risk was observed in the other analyzed services.
Conclusion. Injury prevention will help improve the safety of personnel, and taking into account the level, structure and dynamics of injuries will optimize the forces and means of the Russian EMERCOM.
Relevance . The personnel profiles, turnover rates, and shortage of human workforce have a significant impact on work efficiency, including the risk of occupational injury, among the Federal fire ...service (FFS) officers of the EMERCOM of Russia. The objective is to analyze the profiles of fire and rescue officers and their individual characteristics by region to identify any associations with occupational injury rates among the EMERCOM FFS personnel. Methods . The research relies on occupational injury statistics for the EMERCOM FFS personnel collected over 3 years from 2021 to 2023. Occupational injury rates are calculated per 10,000 FFS personnel for every Russian Federation constituent. Personnel profiles included average age, service duration, personnel turnover, shortage, education (professional or vocational, including a degree in fire safety engineering), and other employee parameters. Per capita gross regional product was considered for every Russian Federation constituent. Results and analysis . The factor analysis was based on the matrix of synthetic indicators, eventually producing seven significant factors responsible for 75.2 % of the total variance. Factor 3 is associated with the level of occupational injuries. The injury rate does not significantly contribute to other factors. In 2021–2023 the annual injury rate among the EMERCOM of Russia FFS personnel was (8.56 ± 1.02) cases per 10,000 people. All the constituents were split in three color-coded groups by injury rate – the green group for optimal rate, the yellow group for acceptable rate, and the red group for elevated rate. In each group, the average injury rates and assessments for personnel and region profiles were obtained to calculate the χ2 test and determine the indicators that most significantly affect occupational injury rates. The analysis showed that among the EMERCOM of Russia FFS personnel, occupational injury rates are higher in constituents with larger numbers of first responders (therefore, a larger share of firefighting commanders among the FFS personnel) and officers with a degree in fire safety engineering. The injury rate is also higher in constituents with greater workforce. Conclusion . Taking into account the dangerous and risky working conditions of the EMERCOM FFS personnel, firefighter professionalism requires further improvement and promotion to meet current fire and emergency prevention criteria, eliminate consequences, and develop innovative and flexible personnel solutions, allowing to maximize performance and overcome emerging problems.
Introduction. The article presents the results of studies on assessing the performance of fire alarm systems in buildings (structures) for various purposes in the period from 2016 to 2020. The ...analysis of the regulatory framework and the results of previous studies in the field of assessing the effectiveness of fire automatics, including at industrial and residential facilities, is presented. This article explores other types of protected objects.
Problem Statement. The objective of the research is to study the efficiency of functioning of fire alarm systems.
Theoretical Part. Based on the statistical data for the period from 2016 to 2020 about fires and their consequences, the operability of fire alarms in buildings (structures) for various purposes has been investigated. The social (the number of dead and injured people) and economic (direct material damage) consequences of fires when the fire alarm systems are triggered are analyzed.
Conclusion. The results of the study of the operability of the fire alarm in general indicate an increase in the efficiency of its operation compared to the period up to 2016. At the same time, the number of protected objects is characterized by rather low values (less than 50 %) of response efficiency indicators and significant socio-economic consequences of fires.
Introduction.
Studies of risks dynamics of death and injury of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service personnel in the performance of official duties for a long period (from 2006 to 2021) have shown that ...difficulties often arise due to the heterogeneity of data, their significant fluctuations in different periods of time and the influence of random factors.
Problem Statement.
In this paper, to study the risks of death and injury of personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties, time series smoothing methods (the moving average method and the exponential smoothing method) were used, which made it possible to eliminate abnormal observations and reduce the influence of random factors.
Theoretical Part.
To identify trends in the risks of death and injury of personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties, the method of time series smoothing was used. The methods of moving average and exponential smoothing are considered. The distribution of the risks of injury and death of the personnel of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire Service in the performance of official duties for the period 2006-2021 is shown, the average annual levels of injury and death risks for this period are determined, the dynamics of the ratio of the number of cases of injury and death in these years is considered.
Conclusions.
The number of registered cases of injuries has decreased due to the improvement of the occupational safety management system. During the period from 2006 to 2021, there was a reduction in the risk of injury to personnel by 4 times. The ratio of the number of injured and dead has significantly decreased (by more than three times) — from 31.5 to 9.4. In addition, as a result of occupational safety management system improvement, the number of injuries with severe and moderate damage has decreased due to their transition to the category of injuries with light damage.
Introduction. When determining the number and technical equipment of fire departments, regulatory documents on fire safety do not take into account natural, climatic and geographical features of the ...subjects of the Russian Federation in an explicit form. At the same time, there is some information in scientific literature about the influence of certain natural and climatic factors on the effectiveness of fire protection actions in extinguishing fires. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the system of natural, climatic and geographical characteristics of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the rapid response indicators of territorial fire departments. The results obtained are recommended for further use in rationing the number and technical equipment of fire departments. Materials and Methods . A factor analysis of statistical data for 2020–2022 was carried out. The statistical data were obtained from the Federal State Information System "Federal Database "Fires", from the website of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and from other sources. For the analysis, the authors selected ten indicators characterizing natural, climatic and geographical features of the subjects of the Russian Federation, two indicators of the rapid response of territorial fire departments and four indicators of the fire situation. Results . Five significant factors were identified, the change of which explained the change in the observed indicators. The first factor characterized the relationship of climatic conditions with fire situation indicators. The second factor connected the indicators of the rapid response of fire departments with the terrain features of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The third factor described the relationship between fire situation indicators and rapid response indicators with population density and forest cover of the territory. Other factors did not significantly contribute to the indicators of fire situation and rapid response. Discussion and Conclusion . By means of mathematical analysis and factor modeling, the authors investigated the interdependence of natural, climatic and geographical features of the subjects of the Russian Federation, fire situation indicators and indicators of rapid response of fire departments. The most significant factors influencing these indicators were identified. They included the average air temperature, the area covered by forest, the presence of mountain ranges, and population density. These indicators should be taken into account when determining the number and technical equipment of fire departments to increase the efficiency of their functioning.
Background.
Occupational injuries indicate the level of safety at work and are subject to controlled management. Impossible to eliminate entirely, injuries lend to minimization only. Injuries are ...investigated not only by medical professionals exclusively. At the same time, by knowing the occupational injury dynamics and the types of potential body injuries, we can prospectively assess the required capacities and resources to eliminate the consequences. The objective is to develop a tool to forecast the scale of occupational body injury in firefighters of the Federal Firefighting Service (FFS) of the EMERCOM of Russia.
Methods
. The paper analyses occupational injury reports for 2012–2021 produced by the FFS of the EMERCOM of Russia. Total 1769 injuries were registered and matched to injury groups contained in chapter XIX of the International Classification of Diseases and Behavioral Disorders (ICD-10). Personnel injury risks for different body parts are identified and calculated with adjustments for non-identified (absence of diagnoses in injury records) and poorly identified injuries (generalized diagnoses are given). The body injury risk level among the personnel was (11.96 ± 0.89) ∙ 10
–4
injuries/(individual ∙ year), which was greater than the level of injuries – (9.19 ± 0.54) ∙ 10
–4
, since each case of injury correlated with an average of 1.3 diagnoses, with 1.4 in firefighters, including those involved in elimination of other emergency consequences, conducive of concomitant and combined injuries. The curves show high, positive and statistically significant congruence (r = 0.686; p < 0.05), suggesting the impact of identical (unidirectional) factors as an underlying cause. External impacts include mechanical injuries amounting to 83.6 %, burns – 11.6 %, heat syncope – 1.5 %, poisoning by combustion products – 3.3 %. The average age of the injured FFS personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia was (36.2 ± 0.3) years, including (10.2 ± 0.3) years of work experience, with the overall FFS forces standing at (191.3 ± 3.3) thousand people. Results and discussion. The predicted number of occupational injuries among the FFS personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia was calculated using the discriminant formula: y = (2.49 z
1
+ 0.21 z
2
+ 0.91 z
3
+ 0.68 z
4
+ 0.72 z
5
+ 0.71 z
6
+ 0.88 z
7
+ + 0.43 z
8
+ 1.87 z
9
+ 1.11 z
10
+ 1.11 z
11
)∙10–4 × (2.54∙10–4 t
2
– 2.98∙10–2∙t + 1.72) × (–2.94∙10–4∙s
2
– 1.76∙10–2 ∙ s + 1.24), where y is the number of occupational injuries of the FFS of the EMERCOM of Russia; x is the number of personnel (absolute); t is the average age, years; s is the average professional experience, years; z
1
–z
11
is the predicted number of body damages (contained in chapter XIX of the ICD-10) derived by multiplying the corresponding coefficient by the number of firefighters per 10 thousand people (10–4): z
1
is head (S00–S09), z
2
is neck (S10–S19), z
3
is chest (S20–S29), z
4
is abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis (S30–S39), z
5
is shoulder girdle and shoulder (S40–S49), z
6
is elbow and forearm (S50–S59), z
7
is wrists and carpus (S60–S69), z
8
is hip and thigh areas (S70–S79), z
9
is knee and lower leg (S80–S89), z
10
is ankle and feet (S90–S99), z
11
is other external impacts, i.e. thermal and chemical burns (T20–T32), combustion by-product poisoning (T58–T59), heat syncope (T67.1). Linear discriminant formulas are provided to calculate body lesions split by categories of personnel (operational, preventive, technical and managerial personnel).
Conclusions.
The method allows to predict the total number of occupational injuries among firefighters, including injuries of certain body areas and thereby calculate the resources and efforts required for treatment and rehabilitation.
Introduction. The article analyzes the methods of assessing the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures). The indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of ...people injured in fires" is proposed to assess the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures).Problem Statement. To assess the fire hazard level of operated buildings (structures), various indicators are used that do not take into account the number of people present at the facility during the fire, but are dependent on this value. The calculation of the indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of people injured in fires" as an additional one allows us to estimate the magnitude of fire hazard factors at facilities without taking into account the number of people who were at the protection facility during the fire.Theoretical Part. As the basic information in the study, the statistics of fires and their consequences for 2017-2020 at operated facilities grouped by functional fire hazard classes were used. The indicators used in the calculation are the number of fires, the number of people killed and the number of injured people.Conclusions. The indicator "the proportion of people injured in fires from the total number of people injured in fires" evaluates the probability of survival of people caught in the zone of exposure to fire hazards that lead to injury or death of a person, and characterizes the magnitude of fire hazard factors. Large values of this indicator may indicate a low level of fire hazard — the damage to health does not lead to the death of victims. The calculations of this and other indicators for objects of protection by functional fire hazard classes based on statistical data on fires and their social consequences are given. The high level of fire hazard in single-family residential buildings, agricultural buildings and cultural and leisure institutions is shown.
Introduction.
Fire-fighting water supply systems play a primary role in ensuring effective fire extinguishing. Many researchers both in our country and abroad have considered the requirements for ...fire-fighting water supply and problematic issues in this area. At the same time, in order to update the requirements for fire-fighting water supply, it is necessary to study the actual water consumption on fires, taking into account the characteristics of fire objects.
The aim of this research
was to analyze the water consumption for outdoor firefighting depending on the characteristics of the fire object and compare the actual water consumption with the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety.
Methods and Materials.
The authors used statistical data on fires in the Russian Federation for 2019–2021 from the federal state information system "Federal Database "Fires". Methods of statistical data analysis and classification of statistical data were used to determine the actual water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the class of functional fire hazard of the fire object. Visualization of the obtained results was performed by the method of graphical representation of data in the form of histograms and pie charts.
Results.
The analysis showed that the highest average water consumption was required for objects of the functional fire hazard class F1.2 "hotels, dormitories (with the exception of apartment-type dormitories), dormitory buildings of sanatoriums and rest homes of general type, campsites" — 10.7 l/s. For apartment buildings, the highest average water consumption was required to extinguish fires that had arisen in the attic — 10 l/s and in the garret — 9.2 l/s.
Discussion and Conclusion.
The results of the analysis can be used to clarify the requirements for water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the functional fire hazard class of the object and the number of floors of buildings. In order to meet these requirements, regular monitoring of fire-fighting water supply systems is required, as well as timely maintenance and repair of external and internal fire-fighting water supply systems.
Introduction.
Recently, much attention has been paid to the issues of long-term development of specialized fire and rescue units of the Federal Fire Service of the State Fire Service. In this regard, ...there is a need to develop criteria to justify the use of a particular service as part of specialized fire and rescue units. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model to justify the need to use radiation and chemical protection services as part of specialized fire and rescue units in the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Materials and Methods.
Justification of the need to use radiation and chemical protection services as part of specialized fire and rescue units has been carried out using the theory of fuzzy sets. The mathematical model takes into account the climatic and geographical features of the subjects, indicators of social, technical and economic development, and the risks of emergencies and fires. It also takes into account the availability of forces and means of a Unified State system for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations in each subject of the Russian Federation. In total, 15 indicators were selected that characterize the need to use radiation and chemical protection services as part of specialized fire and rescue units. A desirability function is defined for each indicator, which shows which values of the indicator are the most acceptable from the point of view of the need to use radiation and chemical protection services as part of specialized fire and rescue units.
Results.
Using the developed model, the subjects of the Russian Federation are identified in which the need for radiation and chemical protection service as part of specialized fire and rescue units is the highest. It is proposed to create a radiation and chemical protection service of the 1st category in the Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions, in the Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky Territories and in St. Petersburg. In 21 subjects it is proposed to use the radiation and chemical protection service of the 2nd category. In other subjects, it is proposed to assign the 3rd category to the radiation and chemical protection service.
Discussion and Conclusion.
The mathematical model developed using the theory of fuzzy sets will allow a more differentiated approach to the creation of a radiation and chemical protection service as part of specialized fire and rescue units and increase the efficiency of the functioning of this service and specialized fire and rescue units as a whole. The presented model can be applied to justify the need to use other services and groups as part of specialized fire and rescue units.
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