Traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery usually cause severe side effects and excruciating pain. The emergence of nanomedicines and minimally invasive therapies (MITs) has brought ...hope to patients with malignant diseases. Especially, minimally invasive nanomedicines (MINs), which combine the advantages of nanomedicines and MITs, can effectively target pathological cells/tissues/organs to improve the bioavailability of drugs, minimize side effects and achieve painless treatment with a small incision or no incision, thereby acquiring good therapeutic effects. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of the research status and challenges of MINs, which generally refers to the medical applications of nanotechnology in photo-/ultrasound-/radiation-/magnetism-mediated therapy and imaging. Additionally, we also discuss their combined application in various fields including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, tissue engineering, neuro-functional diseases, and infectious diseases. The prospects, and potential bench-to-bedside translation of MINs are also presented in this review. We expect that this review can inspire the broad interest for a wide range of readers working in the fields of interdisciplinary subjects including (but not limited to) chemistry, nanomedicine, bioengineering, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmacology, and biomedicine.
This review systematically summarizes the research status, challenges, prospects, and potential bench-to-bedside translation of minimally invasive nanomedicines.
Background
Peer support has been suggested as a promising approach for diabetes management. No conclusive evidence exists on the effects of peer support on self‐efficacy and quality of life in adults ...with type 2 diabetes.
Objective
To assess the effectiveness of peer support on self‐efficacy and the quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Design
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies.
Data sources
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Allied Health Literature database guide for relevant literatures from inception to 30 September 2017.
Review methods
The review was conducted according to the guidelines of Cochrane Collaboration. The outcomes were self‐efficacy and quality of life. The standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pooled results.
Results
A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results revealed that peer support did not significantly improve self‐efficacy and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes, but significantly improved self‐efficacy and quality of life in studies with intervention duration ≤6 months. There was no evidence of publication bias.
Conclusion
Peer support intervention did not lead to better effects on the improvement in self‐efficacy and quality of life among adults with type 2 diabetes. However, peer support with intervention duration not more than 6 months had positive effects on self‐efficacy and quality of life. More high‐quality studies with large sample size are needed to support or counter the results.
背景
有人建议将同伴支持作为一种有希望的糖尿病管理方法。但是,并不存在确凿证据足以证明同伴支持在2型糖尿病成年患者自我效能和生活质量方面的效果。
目的
评估同伴支持在2型糖尿病成年患者自我效能和生活质量方面的有效性。
设计
随机对照研究的系统性评价和荟萃分析。
数据来源
我们搜索了PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
从开始至2017年9月30日的相关文献的试验和联合健康文献数据库指南
综述方法
该评价按照科克伦协作组织指南进行。结果是自我效能和生活质量。并且,为汇集结果,计算标准平均差和95%置信区间。
结果
总共有15项研究满足纳入标准。汇集结果表明,同伴支持并不会显著提高2型糖尿病成年患者的自我效能和生活质量,但是,却在干预持续时间不超过6个月的研究方面显著提高了自我效能和生活质量。没有证据显示存在发表性偏倚情况。
结论
同伴支持干预并不会给2型糖尿病成年患者自我效能和生活质量的提升带来更好的效果。然而,在干预持续时间不超过6个月的情况下,同伴支持对自我效能和生活质量有着积极的效果。我们需要具有大样本量的更多高质量研究来支持或反驳该结果。
A low-power energy harvesting system targeting to harvest several milliwatts from vibration is presented in this paper. Several low-power design schemes to reduce power dissipation of the proposed ...system are described, and sources of power loss are analyzed to improve the power efficiency. A discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) flyback converter with the constant on-time modulation is adopted for our system. The DCM operation of a flyback converter is chosen as for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to be implemented with a single current sensor. The constant on-time modulation lowers the clock frequency of the controller by more than an order of magnitude for our system, which reduces the dynamic power dissipation of the controller. MPPT, executed by a microcontroller unit (MCU), is achieved through dynamic resistive matching, and the MPPT is executed at intermittent time intervals due to a relatively slow change of the operating condition. When MPPT is not active, the MCU operates at a lower clock frequency to save power. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system harvests up to 8.4 mW power under 0.5-g base acceleration with four parallel piezoelectric cantilevers and achieves 72% power efficiency around the resonant frequency of 47 Hz.
The great success achieved by the two highly-effective messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the great potential of mRNA technology. Through the evolution of mRNA ...technology, chemistry has played an important role from mRNA modification to the synthesis of mRNA delivery platforms, which allows various applications of mRNA to be achieved both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In this tutorial review, we provide a summary and discussion on the significant progress of emerging mRNA technologies, as well as the underlying chemical designs and principles. Various nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery strategies including protein-mRNA complex, lipid-based carriers, polymer-based carriers, and hybrid carriers for the efficient delivery of mRNA molecules are presented. Furthermore, typical mRNA delivery platforms for various biomedical applications (
e.g.
, functional protein expression, vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, and genome editing) are highlighted. Finally, our insights into the challenges and future development towards clinical translation of these mRNA technologies are provided.
This review highlights significant progress in mRNA delivery platforms and therapeutic applications from the view of chemistry. Insights into the challenges and future development towards clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics are also provided.
The emergence of novel two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials (Xenes) has shown remarkable potential for their applications in different fields of technology, as well as addressing new ...discoveries in fundamental science. Xenes (
e.g.
, borophene, silicene, germanene, stanene, phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, bismuthene, and tellurene) are of particular interest because they are the most chemically tractable materials for synthetic exploration. Owing to their excellent physical, chemical, electronic and optical properties, Xenes have been regarded as promising agents for biosensors, bioimaging, therapeutic delivery, and theranostics, as well as in several other new bio-applications. In this tutorial review, we summarize their general properties including the classification of Xenes according to their bulk properties. The synthetic and modification methods of Xenes are also presented. Furthermore, the representative Xene nanoplatforms for various biomedical applications are highlighted. Finally, research progress, challenges, and perspectives for the future development of Xenes in biomedicines are discussed.
This review summarizes the emerging two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials (Xenes) with unique 2D structures and their fascinating properties and showcases their potential in biomedical applications.
Finding a personalized nano theranostics solution, a nanomedicine for cancer diagnosis and therapy, is among the top challenges of current medicinal science. Porous organic polymers (POPs) are ...permanent porous organic materials prepared by linking relatively rigid multidimensional organic building blocks. POP nanoparticles have a remarkable advantage for cancer theranostics owing to their specific physicochemical characteristics such as high surface area, convincing pore size engineering, stimuli-responsive degradability, negligible toxicity, open covalent post-synthesis modification possibilities
etc.
POPs have crystalline and non-crystalline characteristics; crystalline POPs are popularly known as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and have shown potential application across research areas in science. The early research and development on theranostics applications of nanoscale POPs has shown tremendous future potential for clinical translation. This tutorial review highlights the recently developed promising applications of nPOPs in drug loading, targeted delivery, endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive release, cancer imaging and combination therapy, regardless of their crystalline and poorly crystalline properties. The review will provide a platform for the future development and clinical translation of nPOPs by solving fundamental challenges of cancer nanomedicines in drug loading efficiency, size-optimization, biocompatibility, dispersibility and cell uptake ability.
This tutorial review highlights the potential of nanoscale porous organic polymers in diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancers.
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•Multimode ultrasound extraction raised the polysaccharide (LMP) yield efficiently.•The highest yield of LMP was achieved with 20/35 alternation ultrasound treatment.•The composition ...of LMP extracted by ultrasonic was arabinose, galactose, glucose.•Purified LMP treated with ultrasound exerted remarkable immunoregulatory activity.
This study evaluates the effect of multimodal ultrasound on the extraction efficiency and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (LMP). The separation and purification of maca polysaccharides were investigated by the DEAE-52 cellulose column, and the monosaccharide compositions were identified by HPGPC. Their immune activity was analyzed by the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) from RAW 264.7 macrophage. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were energy aggregation alternation dual-frequency ultrasound (EADU) with frequency combinations of 20/35, extraction time of 15 min, material/water ratio of 1:10 g/mL, ultrasonic power intensity of 150 W/L, intermittent time ratio of 4 s/3 s, and extraction temperature of 50 ℃. The extraction rates of purified polysaccharides (US3) increased by 44.90%. The LMP extracted by EADU contained arabinose, galactose, and glucose in the molar ratios of 2.9:2.72:5.05. In addition, US3 promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW 264.7 better than RS3 (purified polysaccharides extracted by hot water), which indicated that US3 exerted remarkable immune activity. It could be an excellent functional additive in food or medicine.
Schematic illustration showed the applications of SDT against various diseases and synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities.
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•This review highlights ...the recent advances of nanomaterials based SDT against various diseases, and its possible mechanisms of action.•The synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities against different diseases are summarized.•The potential limitations and future prospects of SDT in nanoscience are also discussed.
As an effective treatment approach, photo-therapeutic has great potential in treating various diseases, but this light-activated strategy suffers from the major shortcoming of low tissue penetration depth. Low-intensity ultrasound features with non-invasive and high tissue-penetrating ability have been widely used in clinical diagnostic, which can effectively overcome the major limitation of light. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality that involves a combination of low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Combining nanotechnology with SDT can effectively augment the SDT efficiency and may essentially reverse the disadvantages of traditional SDT, paving an avenue for more efficient and safer therapeutic options. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of SDT in nanoscience in terms of its possible mechanisms of action, applications against various diseases and synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities. Moreover, potential limitations and future prospects are also discussed.
Abstract The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling plays a critical role in the outcome and the sensitivity to anticancer therapies. Activated MAPK can transmit extracellular signals to ...regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and so on. Apoptosis as well as macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) can be induced by extracellular stimuli such the treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in different cell response to these drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these two cellular processes remain largely unknown. Recently, several studies provide new insights into p38 and JNK MAPK pathways function in the control of the balance of autophagy and apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. Our increased understanding of the role of p38 and JNK MAPK pathways in regulating the balance of autophagy and apoptosis will hopefully provide prospective strategies for cancer therapy.
The regeneration of lost periodontal apparatus in periodontitis treatment remains a clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in ...periodontitis condition. For periodontal tissue regeneration, it is essential to regulate the inflammatory response and the subsequent differentiation of periodontal cells under the condition due to the infectious nature of the disease. In this study, it was noted that 45 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could exhibit significant anti-inflammatory effect and improve the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment via regulating inflammatory and regenerative cytokine production and modulating macrophage polarization, subsequently affect the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). With the addition of direct effects of AuNPs on hPDLCs, the periodontal tissue differentiation capacity of hPDLCs in LPS-activated inflammatory macrophage-hPDLCs coculture system was significantly enhanced by the interaction between AuNPs-conditioned macrophage and AuNPs-stimulated hPDLCs. The potential therapeutic application of AuNPs in periodontal tissue regeneration and periodontitis treatment was investigated using both rat fenestration and ligature-induced periodontitis models. It was found that the treatment of 45 AuNPs showed significantly increased newly-formed periodontal attachment, bone and cementum in periodontal defect and less tissue destruction in the progression of periodontitis. This study demonstrated that 45 nm AuNPs could not only directly modulate hPDLCs, but also regulate the early inflammatory response of periodontal tissues via the regulation of macrophage phenotypes, therefore, generate a microenvironment with constraint inflammatory cytokine levels and reparative cytokines such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), leading to PDLC differentiation, periodontal tissue regeneration and the prevention of periodontitis progression.
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