Gun jumping is a term which describes the premature realization of a merger before obtaining a merger clearance from the relevant competition authorities. In the last years, the European Commission ...and national competition authorities have demonstrated an increased interest in investigating and punishing gun jumping cases. Recognizing this interest and the need for practical guidance, the article first gives an overview of gun-jumping evolution through case law. It then points to different merger filing thresholds in the region, and implications they could have for gun-jumping issues, to show that despite the commercial and historical common ground in the region, merger filing thresholds do differ significantly between the countries, in a way which requires a cautious and sometimes challenging structuring of M&A activities with regional reach. Based upon an overview of individual gunjumping cases in the region, but taking into account the EU precedents, the article provides recommendations how to avoid gun-jumping risks.
Gun jumping is a term which describes the premature realization of a merger before obtaining a merger clearance from the relevant competition authorities. In the last years, the European Commission ...and national competition authorities have demonstrated an increased interest in investigating and punishing gun jumping cases. Recognizing this interest and the need for practical guidance, the article first gives an overview of gun-jumping evolution through case law. It then points to different merger filing thresholds in the region, and implications they could have for gun-jumping issues, to show that despite the commercial and historical common ground in the region, merger filing thresholds do differ significantly between the countries, in a way which requires a cautious and sometimes challenging structuring of M&A activities with regional reach. Based upon an overview of individual gunjumping cases in the region, but taking into account the EU precedents, the article provides recommendations how to avoid gun-jumping risks.
The authors are dealing with the topic of patent protection within Europe and the European union (EU). They begin by presenting the main characteristics of the European patent, which is granted in ...accordance with the European patent convention in order to throw light on its deficiencies with regards to the EU internal market. The authors move their focus to the numerous initiatives for the introduction of a unitary Community patent and emphasize the topic of "enhanced cooperation" patent, which is about to be established. They also deal with the content of this new right and the registration procedure, as well as its connection with the system of the European patent. Finally, the authors dedicate their attention to the open question regarding the new "enhanced cooperation" patent, such as the issue of licensing and court jurisdiction. Adapted from the source document.
Regionalni i EU izazovi u oblasti patenata Dabovik Anastasovska, Jadranka; Kunda, Ivana; Spiro, Oltion ...
Društveni ogledi,
2014, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the field of Patents, authors are giving the main information and answers about legislative framework in their countries, governmental aspect, enforcement, competition issues, licencing, as well ...as any other national particularities (legal, governmental, practical, political or other), which represent challenges/problems to the effective functioning of the national patent system.
Uroguanylin (UGN) is released from the intestine after a meal. When applied in brain ventricles, UGN increases expression of markers of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Therefore, we ...determine the effects of its receptor, guanylate cyclase C (GC-C), on mouse interscapular BAT (iBAT) activity during diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). The activation of iBAT after a meal is diminished in GC-C KO mice, decreased in female wild type (WT) mice, and abolished in old WT animals. The activation of iBAT after a meal is the highest in male WT animals which leads to an increase in GC-C expression in the hypothalamus, an increase in iBAT volume by aging, and induction of iBAT markers of thermogenesis. In contrast to iBAT activation after a meal, iBAT activation after a cold exposure could still exist in GC-C KO mice and it is significantly higher in female WT mice. The expression of GC-C in the proopiomelanocortin neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus but not in iBAT suggests central regulation of iBAT function. The iBAT activity during DIT has significantly reduced in old mice but an intranasal application of UGN leads to an increase in iBAT activity in a dose-dependent manner which is in strong negative correlation to glucose concentration in blood. This activation was not present in GC-C KO mice. Our results suggest the physiological role of GC-C on the BAT regulation and its importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and the development of new therapy for obesity and insulin resistance.
HUWE1 is a universal quality-control E3 ligase that marks diverse client proteins for proteasomal degradation. Although the giant HECT enzyme is an essential component of the ubiquitin-proteasome ...system closely linked with severe human diseases, its molecular mechanism is little understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of Nematocida HUWE1, revealing how a single E3 enzyme has specificity for a multitude of unrelated substrates. The protein adopts a remarkable snake-like structure, where the C-terminal HECT domain heads an extended alpha-solenoid body that coils in on itself and houses various protein-protein interaction modules. Our integrative structural analysis shows that this ring structure is highly dynamic, enabling the flexible HECT domain to reach protein targets presented by the various acceptor sites. Together, our data demonstrate how HUWE1 is regulated by its unique structure, adapting a promiscuous E3 ligase to selectively target unassembled orphan proteins.
Zadruga kao neovisno udruženje osoba koje udružuju rad za razliku od dioničkog društva u kojem se spaja kapital, organizacijski je oblik udruživanja radi zadovoljavanja zajedničkih ekonomskih, ...socijalnih ili kulturnih potreba na demokratičan način. Energetske zadruge, koje su naročito proširene u nekim europskim zemljama, predstavljaju oblik zadruga koje su izravno usmjerene na rješavanje energetskih i ekoloških problema, koje stabiliziraju lokalno gospodarstvo, odgovaraju na potrebe ljudi u zajednici, stvaraju pravednije sustave raspodjele dobiti i doprinose povećanju općeg dobra. Društveno poduzetništvo kao noviji način poslovanja predstavlja područje preklapanja poduzetničkih praksi iz poslovnog svijeta i vrijednosti usko povezanih s društvenom odgovornošću. Društveno odgovorno poslovanje i ovdje podrazumijeva apsolutno poštivanje svih zakona i propisa uz vođenje brige o resursima i okolišu ali i o zadružnim načelima koja podrazumijevaju: dobrovoljno i otvoreno članstvo, demokratsko upravljanje i nadzor, ekonomsko sudjelovanje članova, autonomiju i nezavisnost zadruge, omogućavanje obrazovanja i informiranja članova, suradnju među zadrugama i brigu o zajednici u kojoj djeluju. Na primjeru djelovanja i rada Zelene energetske zadruge, Zagreb, bit će opisan inovativni poslovni model u sektoru energetike koji doprinosi energetskoj tranziciji i razvoju društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj.
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