The goal of the study is to reveal the features of accumulation and qualitative composition of essential oil in common yarrow herb (
Achillea millefolium
L.) harvested in agro- and urbocenoses of ...Voronezh Region. All analyzed samples of herbal raw material gathered in 13 selected points of Voronezh Region are considered to have good-quality essential oil. A sample of common yarrow growing on the territory of Khopersky Reserve exhibited the maximum content of essential oil (0.76%). The minimum percentage of essential oil was revealed in the samples collected along M4 highway in Pavlovsky District (0.18%). The content of essential oil in samples of control areas and agrobiocenoses is higher than that in herb samples of urbobiocenoses. Chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils contained in the studied samples revealed greater than 130 different compounds in them. The qualitative composition of the essential oil was significantly different and depended on the place of harvesting. The place of growth of the species and anthropogenic factors can thus significantly affect the features of the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants.
Introduction. The bitter wormwood herbs (Artemisia absinthium L.) is used to reflexively enhance gastric juice secretion, increase appetite, and increase bile secretion. These pharmacological effects ...are due to the rich chemical composition of the feedstock, of which essential oil is an important component. The study of the peculiarities of accumulation of this group of compounds is relevant.Aim. The aim of this study the features of the accumulation of essential oil in bitter wormwood herbs, collected in agro- and urbo-cenoses of the Voronezh region.Materials and methods. In the Voronezh region, 13 raw material harvesting points were chosen to study the content of essential oil in it, which was carried out according to the methodology of the FS "Bitter wormwood herbs." Correlation coefficients were analyzed to examine in detail the effect of basic pollutants (heavy metals and arsenic) on the accumulation of essential oil.Results and discussion. All analyzed vegetable raw materials are considered benign in terms of essential oil content. The maximum amount of essential oil (2.04 %) is noted in a sample of bitter wormwood herbs growing on the territory of the Khopersky Reserve. The minimum amount of essential oil was noted in a sample collected on the street of the city of Voronezh (0.63 %). In general, for samples of control territories and agrobiocenoses, a higher content of essential oil can be noted than in samples of urbobiocenoses. Thus, the content of essential oil in the herb of bitter wormwood collected in territories deprived of human economic activity amounted to 1.85–2.04 %, near agricultural land – 1.61–1.85 %. In a number of urbanized territories, samples of bitter wormwood herbs with a much lower content of essential oil were harvested – less than 1 % – on the streets of the cities of Voronezh, Ostrogozhsk, Borisoglebsk, along the M4 highway in Ramonsky and Pavlovsky districts, along the railway. The calculated values of correlation coefficients showed a strong negative effect of lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, zinc on the accumulation of essential oil bitter wormwood herb.Conclusion. The lowest content of essential oil was found in samples harvested on the streets of large cities of the region, along road routes and the railway. This makes it possible to conclude that the anthropogenic load has a negative effect on the accumulation of this group of compounds in bitter wormwood herbs.
Introduction.
The formation and accumulation of biologically active substances in plants is a complex process associated with a number of environmental factors, including anthropogenic ones. The ...study of the characteristics of the qualitative composition of essential oil of wormwood grass of bitter different from the ecological point of view of the places of harvesting is relevant.
Aim.
The aim of this study study of the qualitative composition of essential oil of bitter wormwood grass, harvested in areas of the Voronezh region that are different from an ecological point of view.
Materials and methods.
In the Voronezh region, 4 points of raw materials procurement were selected, diverse in terms of anthropogenic impact. Isolation of essential oil from the raw materials was carried out according to the method of PS "Wormwood of bitter grass". Component composition of the obtained essential oils was determined using Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent Technologies, USA) with Agilent 5977A MSD mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, USA). Data analysis and processing was carried out on the basis of NIST11 databases (from 19.05.2011), MassHunter ver. B.06.00 and NIST MS Search ver. 2.0 software were used.
Results and discussion.
In a sample of essential oil obtained from reserved raw materials, monoterpene compounds account for more than 82 %, and sesquiterpene compounds – 16.6 %, about 2 % are organic impurities. Intensive biosynthesis of monoterpenes was noted in a sample collected in the area of agricultural fields of the Verkhnekhavsky district, its mass fraction is more than 73 %. In samples of raw materials with anthropogenic load (OJSC "Minudobreniya" and Highway M4), the share of monoterpene compounds is significantly lower (63.7 and 49 %, respectively). The increase in the proportion of sesquiterpene compounds in the last samples of wormwood essential oil may be due to the excessive acidity of the urbanized places of the workpiece. The sesquiterpene compound hamazulene, which stains essential oil blue, is identified in only two samples of gorse grass wormwood harvested along agricultural fields and in M4 tracks, which explains the presence of a blue hue in these oils.
Conclusion.
The chromato-mass spectrometric analysis of the essential oil of the studied samples of bitter wormwood grass made it possible to identify more than 70 different components in them, while the qualitative composition of the essential oil of the raw materials of different places of the workpiece was significantly different, which may indicate a significant influence of the place of growth of the species and anthropogenic factors on the features of the secondary metabolism of terpene compounds in the plant organism.
Introduction.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the main socially significant infection all over the world. HIV-positive patients take medical care, including antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) ...pharmacotherapy. Like all drugs, ARVs have lots of side effects that should be taken when prescribing drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy. There are many cases when side effects of ARVs caused patients to enter the toxicology department. Therefore, the development of new methods for the analysis of ARV in biological fluids for the timely diagnosis of treatment of poisoning of this group of drugs is relevant today.
Aim
. The aim of this study is development of screening analysis of atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in the urine to identify these drugs as possible toxicants for poisoning by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem massselective detection (HPLC-MS/MS).
Materials and methods
. Identification of ARV was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Methanol precipitation method was used as a sample preparation.
Results and discussion
. The optimal conditions for sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and mass-spectrometric detection were selected to determine the studied ARVs. This method was tested on urine samples from patients in the Department of Acute Poisoning and Somatopsychiatric Disorders (OOSPD) with acute ARV poisoning.
Conclusion.
This screening method for analyse atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in human urine has been developed by HPLC-MS/MS. The developed method can be used to identify these drugs as possible toxicants in case of poisoning. The prospect for the development of the topic is the inclusion of new molecules in the method and quantitative determination of the studied ARVs.
Introduction
. Multicomponent oral drugs containing salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin have a mucolytic, expectorant and bronchodilator effect. The development method for determination ...substances in biological fluids is a main procedure for performing the analytical part of pharmacokinetic studies and bioequivalence studies of multicomponent drugs. There is no published data of the determination of bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin, but there a lot of published methods for divided determination analytes in a biological fluid. This study presents the development and validation of a method of the determination of salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin in human blood plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. A sample preparation was perfomed by solid-phase extraction. Deuterated derivatives were used as internal standards.
Aim
. The aim of the study is to develop a method for the quantitative determination of salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin in human plasma by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometric detection for performing the analytical part of pharmacokinetic studies.
Materials and methods
. Determination of salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin in human plasma by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometric detection. A sample was prepared using solid-phase extraction.
Results and discussion
. The method was validated by next validation parameters: selectivity, matrix effect, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, carry-over and stability.
Conclusion
. The method of the determination of salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin in human plasma was developed and validated by HPLC-MS/MS. The analytical range of the was 0.1–20 ng/mL in plasma for salbutamol, 0.25–25 ng/mL in plasma for bromhexine, 0.075–3 ng/mL in plasma for ambroxol, and 10–2000 ng/mL in plasma for guaifenesin. Method could be applied to determination of salbutamol, bromhexine, ambroxol and guaifenesin in plasma for PK and BE studies.
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