Remote monitoring of vital signs for studying sleep is a user-friendly alternative to monitoring with sensors attached to the skin. For instance, remote monitoring can allow unconstrained movement ...during sleep, whereas detectors requiring a physical contact may detach and interrupt the measurement and affect sleep itself. This study evaluates the performance of a cost-effective frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in remote monitoring of heart rate and respiration in scenarios resembling a set of normal and abnormal physiological conditions during sleep. We evaluate the vital signs of ten subjects in different lying positions during various tasks. Specifically, we aim for a broad range of both heart and respiration rates to replicate various real-life scenarios and to test the robustness of the selected vital sign extraction methods consisting of fast Fourier transform based cepstral and autocorrelation analyses. As compared to the reference signals obtained using Embla titanium, a certified medical device, we achieved an overall relative mean absolute error of 3.6% (86% correlation) and 9.1% (91% correlation) for the heart rate and respiration rate, respectively. Our results promote radar-based clinical monitoring by showing that the proposed radar technology and signal processing methods accurately capture even such alarming vital signs as minimal respiration. Furthermore, we show that common parameters for heart rate variability can also be accurately extracted from the radar signal, enabling further sleep analyses.
Organic aerosols (OA) represent one of the major constituents of submicron particulate matter (PM1) and comprise a huge variety of compounds emitted by different sources. Three intensive measurement ...field campaigns to investigate the aerosol chemical composition all over Europe were carried out within the framework of the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) and the intensive campaigns of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) during 2008 (May–June and September–October) and 2009 (February–March). In this paper we focus on the identification of the main organic aerosol sources and we define a standardized methodology to perform source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multilinear engine (ME-2) on Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data. Our source apportionment procedure is tested and applied on 25 data sets accounting for two urban, several rural and remote and two high altitude sites; therefore it is likely suitable for the treatment of AMS-related ambient data sets. For most of the sites, four organic components are retrieved, improving significantly previous source apportionment results where only a separation in primary and secondary OA sources was possible. Generally, our solutions include two primary OA sources, i.e. hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two secondary OA components, i.e. semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). For specific sites cooking-related (COA) and marine-related sources (MSA) are also separated. Finally, our work provides a large overview of organic aerosol sources in Europe and an interesting set of highly time resolved data for modeling purposes.
Within the nuclear DFT approach, we determined the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments for paired nuclear states corresponding to the proton (neutron) quasiparticles blocked in the π11/2− ...(ν13/2+) intruder configurations. We performed calculations for all deformed open-shell odd nuclei with 63≤Z≤82 and 82≤N≤126. Time-reversal symmetry was broken in the intrinsic reference frame and self-consistent shape and spin core polarizations were established. We determined spectroscopic moments of angular-momentum-projected wave functions and compared them with available experimental data. We obtained good agreement with data without using effective g-factors or effective charges in the dipole or quadrupole operators, respectively. We also showed that the intrinsic magnetic dipole moments, or those obtained for conserved intrinsic time-reversal symmetry, do not represent viable approximations of the spectroscopic ones.
As student numbers in higher education in the UK have expanded during recent years, it has become increasingly important to understand its cost structure. This study applies Data Envelopment Analysis ...(DEA) to higher education institutions in England to assess their cost structure, efficiency and productivity. The paper complements an earlier study that used parametric methods to analyse the same panel data. Interestingly, DEA provides estimates of subject-specific unit costs that are in the same ballpark as those provided by the parametric methods. The paper then extends the previous analysis and finds that further student number increases of the order of 20-27% are feasible through exploiting operating and scale efficiency gains and also adjusting student mix. Finally the paper uses a Malmquist index approach to assess productivity change in the UK higher education. The results reveal that for a majority of institutions productivity has actually decreased during the study period.
Organic aerosols (OA) derived from small-scale wood combustion emissions are not well represented by current emissions inventories and models, although they contribute substantially to the ...atmospheric particulate matter (PM) levels. In this work, a 29 m3 smog chamber in the ILMARI facility of the University of Eastern Finland was utilized to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from a small-scale modern masonry heater commonly used in northern Europe. Emissions were oxidatively aged in the smog chamber for a variety of dark (i.e., O3 and NO3) and UV (i.e., OH) conditions, with OH concentration levels of (0.5–5) × 106 molecules cm−3, achieving equivalent atmospheric aging of up to 18 h. An aerosol mass spectrometer characterized the direct OA emissions and the SOA formed from the combustion of three wood species (birch, beech and spruce) using two ignition processes (fast ignition with a VOC-to-NOx ratio of 3 and slow ignition with a ratio of 5).Dark and UV aging increased the SOA mass fraction with average SOA productions 2.0 times the initial OA mass loadings. SOA enhancement was found to be higher for the slow ignition compared with fast ignition conditions. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to separate SOA, primary organic aerosol (POA) and their subgroups from the total OA mass spectra. PMF analysis identified two POA and three SOA factors that correlated with the three major oxidizers: ozone, the nitrate radical and the OH radical. Organonitrates (ONs) were observed to be emitted directly from the wood combustion and additionally formed during oxidation via NO3 radicals (dark aging), suggesting small-scale wood combustion may be a significant ON source. POA was oxidized after the ozone addition, forming aged POA, and after 7 h of aging more than 75 % of the original POA was transformed. This process may involve evaporation and homogeneous gas-phase oxidation as well as heterogeneous oxidation of particulate organic matter. The results generally prove that logwood burning emissions are the subject of intensive chemical processing in the atmosphere, and the timescale for these transformations is relatively short, i.e., hours.
We propose to use two-body regularized finite-range pseudopotential to generate nuclear energy density functional (EDF) in both particle-hole and particle-particle channels, which makes it free from ...self-interaction and self-pairing, and also free from singularities when used beyond mean field. We derive a sequence of pseudopotentials regularized up to next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order, which fairly well describe infinite-nuclear-matter properties and finite open-shell paired and/or deformed nuclei. Since pure two-body pseudopotentials cannot generate sufficiently large effective mass, the obtained solutions constitute a preliminary step towards future implementations, which will include, e.g., EDF terms generated by three-body pseudopotentials.
The parameters of the nuclear energy density have to be adjusted to experimental data. As a result they carry certain uncertainty which then propagates to calculated values of observables. In the ...present work we quantify the statistical uncertainties of binding energies, proton quadrupole moments and proton matter radius for three UNEDF Skyrme energy density functionals by taking advantage of the knowledge of the model parameter uncertainties. We find that the uncertainty of UNEDF models increases rapidly when going towards proton or neutron rich nuclei. We also investigate the impact of each model parameter on the total error budget.
We developed new parameterizations of local regularized finite-range pseudopotentials up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO), used as generators of nuclear density functionals. When ...supplemented with zero-range spin-orbit and density-dependent terms, they provide a correct single-reference description of binding energies and radii of spherical and deformed nuclei. We compared the obtained results to experimental data and discussed benchmarks against the standard well-established Gogny D1S functional.
Abstract
We describe the new version (v3.06h) of the code HFODD that solves the universal nonrelativistic nuclear DFT Hartree–Fock or Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov problem by using the Cartesian deformed ...harmonic-oscillator basis. In the new version, we implemented the following new features: (i) zero-range three- and four-body central terms, (ii) zero-range three-body gradient terms, (iii) zero-range tensor terms, (iv) zero-range isospin-breaking terms, (v) finite-range higher-order regularized terms, (vi) finite-range separable terms, (vii) zero-range two-body pairing terms, (viii) multi-quasiparticle blocking, (ix) Pfaffian overlaps, (x) particle-number and parity symmetry restoration, (xi) axialization, (xii) Wigner functions, (xiii) choice of the harmonic-oscillator basis, (xiv) fixed omega partitions, (xv) consistency formula between energy and fields, and we corrected several errors in the previous versions.
We describe the new version 2.00d of the code hfbtho that solves the nuclear Skyrme-Hartree–Fock (HF) or Skyrme-Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) problem by using the cylindrical transformed deformed ...harmonic oscillator basis. In the new version, we have implemented the following features: (i) the modified Broyden method for non-linear problems, (ii) optional breaking of reflection symmetry, (iii) calculation of axial multipole moments, (iv) finite temperature formalism for the HFB method, (v) linear constraint method based on the approximation of the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) matrix for multi-constraint calculations, (vi) blocking of quasi-particles in the Equal Filling Approximation (EFA), (vii) framework for generalized energy density with arbitrary density-dependences, and (viii) shared memory parallelism via OpenMP pragmas.
Program title: HFBTHO v2.00d
Catalog identifier: ADUI_v2_0
Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADUI_v2_0.html
Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland
Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License version 3
No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 167228
No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2672156
Distribution format: tar.gz
Programming language: FORTRAN-95.
Computer: Intel Pentium-III, Intel Xeon, AMD-Athlon, AMD-Opteron, Cray XT5, Cray XE6.
Operating system: UNIX, LINUX, WindowsXP.
RAM: 200 Mwords
Word size: 8 bits
Classification: 17.22.
Does the new version supercede the previous version?: Yes
Catalog identifier of previous version: ADUI_v1_0
Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Comm. 167 (2005) 43
Nature of problem:
The solution of self-consistent mean-field equations for weakly-bound paired nuclei requires a correct description of the asymptotic properties of nuclear quasi-particle wave functions. In the present implementation, this is achieved by using the single-particle wave functions of the transformed harmonic oscillator, which allows for an accurate description of deformation effects and pairing correlations in nuclei arbitrarily close to the particle drip lines.
Solution method:
The program uses the axial Transformed Harmonic Oscillator (THO) single- particle basis to expand quasi-particle wave functions. It iteratively diagonalizes the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov Hamiltonian based on generalized Skyrme-like energy densities and zero-range pairing interactions until a self-consistent solution is found. A previous version of the program was presented in: M.V. Stoitsov, J. Dobaczewski, W. Nazarewicz, P. Ring, Comput. Phys. Commun. 167 (2005) 43–63.
Reasons for new version:
Version 2.00d of HFBTHO provides a number of new options such as the optional breaking of reflection symmetry, the calculation of axial multipole moments, the finite temperature formalism for the HFB method, optimized multi-constraint calculations, the treatment of odd–even and odd–odd nuclei in the blocking approximation, and the framework for generalized energy density with arbitrary density-dependences. It is also the first version of HFBTHO to contain threading capabilities.
Summary of revisions:1.The modified Broyden method has been implemented,2.Optional breaking of reflection symmetry has been implemented,3.The calculation of all axial multipole moments up to λ=8 has been implemented,4.The finite temperature formalism for the HFB method has been implemented,5.The linear constraint method based on the approximation of the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) matrix for multi-constraint calculations has been implemented,6.The blocking of quasi-particles in the Equal Filling Approximation (EFA) has been implemented,7.The framework for generalized energy density functionals with arbitrary density-dependence has been implemented,8.Shared memory parallelism via OpenMP pragmas has been implemented.
Restrictions:
Axial- and time-reversal symmetries are assumed.
Unusual features:
The user must have access to (i)the LAPACK subroutines DSYEVD, DSYTRF and DSYTRI, and their dependences, which compute eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of real symmetric matrices,(ii)the LAPACK subroutines DGETRI and DGETRF, which invert arbitrary real matrices, and(iii)the BLAS routines DCOPY, DSCAL, DGEMM and DGEMV for double-precision linear algebra (or provide another set of subroutines that can perform such tasks). The BLAS and LAPACK subroutines can be obtained from the Netlib Repository at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville: http://netlib2.cs.utk.edu/.
Running time:
Highly variable, as it depends on the nucleus, size of the basis, requested accuracy, requested configuration, compiler and libraries, and hardware architecture. An order of magnitude would be a few seconds for ground-state configurations in small bases Nmax≈8−12, to a few minutes in very deformed configuration of a heavy nucleus with a large basis Nmax>20.
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