We studied the biodiversity of Asterochloris photobionts found in Bolivian lichens to better understand their global spatial distribution and adaptation strategies in the context of a worldwide ...phylogeny of the genus. Based on nuclear ITS rDNA, the chloroplast rbcL gene and the actin type I gene we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree that recovered nine new Asterochloris lineages, while 32 Bolivian photobiont samples were assigned to 12 previously recognized Asterochloris lineages. We also show that some previously discovered Asterochloris photobiont species and lineages may occur in a broader spectrum of climatic conditions, and mycobiont species and photobionts may show different preferences along an altitude gradient. To reveal general patterns of of mycobiont specificity towards the photobiont in Asterochloris, we tested the influence of climate, altitude, geographical distance and effects of symbiotic partner (mycobiont) at the species level of three genera of lichen forming fungi: Stereocaulon, Cladonia and Lepraria. Further, we compared the specificity of mycobionts towards Asterochloris photobionts in cosmopolitan, Neotropical, and Pantropical lichen forming fungi. Interestingly, cosmopolitan species showed the lowest specificity to their photobionts, but also the lowest haplotype diversity. Neotropical and Paleotropical mycobionts, however, were more specific.
The main aims of this work were to assess phylogenetic relationships of the trentepohlialean photobionts in tropical, mainly sterile, lichens collected in Bolivia, to examine their genetic diversity, ...host specificity, and the impact of habitat factors on the occurrence of Trentepohliales. Based on rbcL marker analysis, we constructed a phylogenetic tree with eight major clades of Trentepohliales, of which seven free‐living species are intermingled with lichenized ones. Our analyses show that the studied photobionts are scattered across the phylogenetic tree and algae from temperate and tropical regions do not form monophyletic groups, except within one clade that seems to be restricted to the tropics. There is no significant occurrence pattern of lichenized Trentepohliaceae on a specific substratum, except Cephaleuros spp. and Phycopeltis spp., which are restricted to leaves, while some clades with lichenized algae may be specialized to tree bark and wood. Moreover, we found two patterns of associations: first, closely related algae can associate with distantly related mycobionts; second, some other trentepohlioid algae associate with selected lineages of fungi (e.g., Arthoniaceae or Graphidaceae). We also found that some lineages of photobionts are even more selective and associate exclusively with one species (e.g., Dichosporidium nigrocinctum, Diorygma antillarum) or closely related lichen‐forming fungi (Herpothallon spp.). Concluding, we found that occurrence of some trentepohlialean photobionts may correlate with the particular type of the mycobiont.
In the past few years, new phylogenetic lineages in
were detected as a result of molecular approaches. These studies included symbiont selectivity in lichen communities, transects along altitudinal ...gradients at local and global scales and the photobiont diversity in local populations of lichen-forming fungal species. In most of these studies, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus have continuously allowed the recognition of new monophyletic lineages, which suggests that still numerous undiscovered
lineages can be hidden in lichens from unexplored areas, especially in the tropics. Here, we estimated the biodiversity of photobionts in Bolivian Andean vegetation and assessed their specificity. About 403 lichen samples representing 42 genera, e.g.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
, containing
photobionts, were analyzed. ITS ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and
L markers were used. We obtained
sequences from Bolivian samples belonging to already described clades A, C, I, and S. Thirty-nine
lineages were distinguished within these clades, while 16 were new. To reveal the structure of the community of Bolivian photobionts and their relationships with mycobionts, the comparative effects of climate, altitude, geographical distances, substrate, and habitat type, as well as functional traits of lichens such as growth forms, propagation mode and secondary metabolites, were analyzed. Furthermore, new Bolivian records were included in analysis on a global scale. In our study, the mycobiont genus or even species are the most important factors correlated with photobiont identity. Moreover, we revealed that the community of Bolivian photobionts is shaped by altitude.
Lichens are fungi (mycobionts) that form symbiotic associations with photoautotrophic prokaryotes or eukaryotes (photobionts); however, some species can exchange photosynthetic partners during their ...lifecycles. This phenomenon modifies the morphology of lichens and consequently influences the taxonomy of lichenized fungi. Here, a few such cases in which the photobionts influenced the taxonomy and systematics of lichenized fungi are reviewed. Two different morphotypes of the same species – known as photomorphs – were classified as different species and sometimes different genera. Moreover, different types of photobionts and the absence or presence (optional lichenization) of an alga in the thallus were believed to be diagnostic characters for discriminating genera. However, the taxonomy and systematics of lichens are based always, according to Article F.1.1. of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants, on the fungal partner and only one name is applied.
The first records of Sticta andina and S. scabrosa subsp. scabrosa from Bolivia are presented. All records are confirmed by molecular data. Sticta andina has flattened, marginal isidia and phyllidia ...with abundant, submarginal apothecia, while tomentum is dark brown to black, whereas, S. scabrosa subsp. scabrosa has marginal and laminal phyllidia and pale to dark, grey tomentum. Two Bolivian specimens of the latter possess sparse, marginal to laminal apothecia, which previously have not been observed in this species. The haplotype network indicates that the S. andina specimens from Bolivia have three haplotypes, two of which are different from those previously reported. In the case of S. scabrosa subsp. scabrosa, two haplotypes were found, of which one is newly reported. A distribution map of Sticta species confirmed for Bolivia is presented.
The new genus
Pseudolepraria
Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska is introduced to accommodate
Lepraria stephaniana
Elix, Flakus & Kukwa. Phylogenetic analyses of nucITS, nucLSU, mtSSU and ...RPB2 markers recovered the new genus in the family Ramalinaceae with strong support. The genus is characterised by its thick, unstratified thallus composed entirely of soredia-like granules, the presence of 4-
O
-methylleprolomin, salazinic acid, zeorin and unknown terpenoid, and its phylogenetic position. The new combination,
P. stephaniana
(Elix, Flakus & Kukwa) Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska, is proposed.
Leprariacryptovouauxii
is described as a new semicryptic species similar to
L.vouauxii
, from which it differs geographically (South America) and phylogenetically; both species differ in nucleotide ...position characters in nucITS barcoding marker.
Leprariaharrisiana
is reported as new to South America and
L.nothofagi
as new to Antarctica, Bolivia, and Peru.
Leprariaincana
(South American records are referred to L.aff.hodkinsoniana) and
L.vouauxii
(most South American records are referred to
L.cryptovouauxii
) should be excluded at least temporarily from the lichen list of South America. All records previously referred to as
L.alpina
from Bolivia and Peru belong to
L.nothofagi
. Most of Bolivian records of
L.pallida
belong to
L.harrisiana
.
Leprariaborealis
and
L.caesioalba
should be included in
L.neglecta. Leprariaachariana
,
L.impossibilis
, and
L.sipmaniana
are sequenced for the first time.
The new genus
Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska is introduced to accommodate
Elix, Flakus & Kukwa. Phylogenetic analyses of nucITS, nucLSU, mtSSU and RPB2 markers recovered the new genus ...in the family Ramalinaceae with strong support. The genus is characterised by its thick, unstratified thallus composed entirely of soredia-like granules, the presence of 4-
-methylleprolomin, salazinic acid, zeorin and unknown terpenoid, and its phylogenetic position. The new combination,
(Elix, Flakus & Kukwa) Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska, is proposed.
is described as a new semicryptic species similar to
, from which it differs geographically (South America) and phylogenetically; both species differ in nucleotide position characters in nucITS ...barcoding marker.
is reported as new to South America and
as new to Antarctica, Bolivia, and Peru.
(South American records are referred to L.aff.hodkinsoniana) and
(most South American records are referred to
) should be excluded at least temporarily from the lichen list of South America. All records previously referred to as
from Bolivia and Peru belong to
. Most of Bolivian records of
belong to
.
and
should be included in
,
, and
are sequenced for the first time.
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