Deficits in recognition of suffering play a significant role in the etiology of psychological distress in crime victims. However, given the preliminary status of the literature, it seems necessary to ...take other factors into account as well. Starting from an agency perspective, this study explored three such factors: negative self‐attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions. More specifically, this study explored whether the association between recognition deficits and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms observed in other studies could be replicated and, if so, whether this association was mediated by negative self‐attributions and would decrease in strength when taking into account the adverse roles of peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions. To address these questions, we used prospective data from 201 victims who had reported a crime to the Dutch police. Recognition deficits, negative self‐attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions were assessed within 1 month after the crime report and PTSD symptoms 1 month later. Results indicated that the association between recognition deficits and PTSD symptoms was partly mediated by negative self‐attributions and that the strength of this association decreased when controlling for peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions.
Satisfaction with a particular good or service represents an affective state in response to an individual’s evaluation of the performance of that good or service. This evaluation involves a ...comparison between perceived actual performance and prior expectations. The current study used this theoretical idea to study violent crime victims’ levels of satisfaction with services provided by a Dutch state compensation scheme. One hundred and seventy-seven victims of violent crime who had applied for compensation from the Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund (DVOCF) participated in two brief telephone interviews: one before receipt of the fund’s decision upon their request for compensation and one after receipt of that decision. Based on the theories of distributive and procedural justice, measurement of prior expectations was differentiated in expectations about receipt of compensation, treatment by fund workers, and information provision. Results suggested that satisfaction with the DVOCF depended on fulfillment of expectations about treatment by fund workers and information provision, but not on fulfillment of expectations about receipt of compensation. Other predictors of victim satisfaction were as follows: duration of the application procedure, approval upon request for compensation, and satisfaction assessed during the first interview. Results were discussed in light of theory, policy implications, study limitations, and future research.
Previous research suggests that a victim's emotional expression plays an important role in credibility judgments. However, victims show different emotional responses to the consequences of a crime. ...Previous research has shown that the emotionality of a victim's demeanor affects the perceived credibility of the victim, also known as the emotional victim effect (EVE). The current systematic review aims to critically scrutinize the current literature on the influence of a victim's emotional demeanor on credibility ratings of that same victim. A comprehensive literature search was performed using search term combinations including victim-related terms, emotion-related terms, and credibility-related terms. A total of 25 studies, published between 1981 and 2017, and in which the emotional demeanor of the victim was manipulated, were included in the systematic review. By using a systematic approach, both in search for studies and in reporting results, the current review provides an overview under what circumstances the EVE is present. This is important because credibility is a key determinant for case advancement in the criminal justice system. A synthesis of the literature suggests that the effect of a victim's emotionality on credibility is dependent upon several factors and almost exclusively found in student samples.
•A victim’s emotionality can affect his/her perceived credibility, also known as the emotional victim effect (EVE)•This systematic review investigates how robust the EVE is and which boundary conditions exist•It shows that the EVE is dependent upon several factors and is almost exclusively found in student samples•In general this systematic review highlights biases of emotionality and potential risks of secondary victimization
The current study prospectively explores whether crime victims' willingness to cooperate with the police is predicted by victims' perceptions of police officers' behaviour with regard to their case ...through their perceptions of police legitimacy. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the interrelationships between the study variables while controlling for baseline values among a sample of 201 crime victims in the Netherlands. Results indicate that victims' perceptions of procedural justice and police performance were predictive of both indicators of perceived police legitimacy (i.e. obligation to obey the law and trust in the police). Moreover, victims' willingness to cooperate with the police was indirectly predicted by victims' perceptions of procedural justice and police performance, through their perceptions of obligation to obey the law. These findings suggest that police officers may play an important role in stimulating victims' willingness to cooperate with the police by treating victims fairly and by taking investigative actions to solve the crime.
•Multiple classifications are used across healthcare settings. Difficulties arise when nurses want to share and compare information.•A Dutch nursing subset of SNOMED CT patient problems has been ...determined.•Its purpose is to develop comparable terms that are used throughout the care sector and can therefore be exchanged.•The present study is designed to link SNOMED CT patient problems to three classifications.•The findings should make an important contribution to the exchange of nursing information across healthcare settings.
Nurses register data in electronic health records, which can use various terminology and coding systems. The net result is that information cannot be exchanged and reused properly, for example when a patient is transferred from one care setting to another. A nursing subset of patient problems was therefore developed in the Netherlands, based on comparable and exchangeable terms that are used throughout the healthcare sector and elsewhere (semantic interoperability).
The purpose of the current research is to develop a mapping between the subset of patient problems and three classifications in order to improve the exchangeability of data. Those classifications are the Omaha System, NANDA International, and ICF (the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health).
Descriptive research using a unidirectional mapping strategy.
Some 30%–39% of the 119 SNOMED CT patient problems can be mapped one-to-one from the subset onto each separate classification. Between 6% and 8% have been mapped partially to a related term. This is considered to be a one-to-one mapping, although the meanings do not correspond fully. Additionally, 23%–51% of the patient problems could be mapped n-to-one, i.e. more specifically than the classification. Some loss of information will always occur in such exchanges. Between 1% and 4% of the patient problems from the subset are defined less specifically than the problems within the individual classifications. Finally, it turns out that 9%–32% of the terms from the subset of patient problems could not be mapped onto a classification, either because they did not occur in the classification or because they could not be mapped at a higher level.
To promote the exchange of data, the subset of patient problems has been mapped onto three classifications. Loss of information occurs in most cases when the patient problems are transformed from the subset into a classification. This arises because the classifications are different in structure and in the degree of detail. Structural cooperation between suppliers, healthcare organisations and the experts involved is required in order to determine how the mapping should be used within the electronic health records, and whether it is usable in day-to-day practice.
Previous research suggests that perceived negative treatment by police officers may have consequences for victims' willingness to share information with the police. This might explain why ...particularly repeat victims are less likely to cooperate with the police. The current study explores why this would be true by conducting in-depth interviews with 32 crime victims who had recently reported their victimisation of property crime or violent crime to the police. Results indicate that victims of both types of crime had similar thoughts on what was deemed fair treatment. Victims who were deeply touched by the crime and/or the offender thought it was also important that the police took a clear-stance against the crime. While rapid case handling seemed to be more important for property crime victims than police officers' investigative actions and the outcome, victims of violent crime expected the police to find the offender to make it clear to the offender that such (law-breaking) behaviour was not tolerated. When victims of violent crime felt that the police had failed in this task, they would feel abandoned by the police. This feeling had not only negative consequences for these victims' willingness to cooperate, but could even lead to feelings of vigilantism, particularly among victims of violent crime who knew their offender. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
According to Tyler's theoretical framework, police officers can motivate cooperation among citizens during direct interactions by using fair procedures and by showing how the police perform their job ...in combating crime. By conducting a systematic literature review, prior research was examined to see whether perceptions of procedural justice and police performance result in higher levels of perceived legitimacy of the police institution, and in turn whether this perceived legitimacy stimulates cooperative behavior among crime victims specifically. Results of the 15 included studies indicate that partial support for the applicability of this framework on crime victims was found. However, none of the included studies tested all relationships within the framework simultaneously among crime victims; they typically focused only on one of the interrelationships between the frameworks' key concepts. Implications for future research and police practice are discussed.
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