Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, the second most frequently occurring cancer in women worldwide. Rates of acquisition of HPV are ...high, particularly among sexually active young adults. Reported estimates of incident HPV infection among initially negative women have reached as high as 60% over a 5-year follow-up period. In this article, we review the epidemiology of HPV infection. In addition to estimates of disease frequency, we highlight risk factors for HPV infection, including the number of lifetime sex partners, which is the most salient risk factor. We discuss significant issues surrounding the natural history of HPV infection, including viral persistence versus clearance, immune response, development of lesions and development of cancer. Finally, we discuss strategies for preventing HPV infection.
In this prospective study of female university students, investigators from Seattle demonstrate that the consistent use of condoms by male partners from the initiation of female sexual activity ...decreases the incidence of female human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The incidence of genital HPV decreased from 89.3 per 100 patient-years (for 5 percent condom use) to 37.8 per 100 patient-years (for 100 percent condom use).
The consistent use of condoms by male partners from the initiation of female sexual activity decreases the incidence of female HPV infection. The incidence of genital HPV decreased from 89.3 per 100 patient-years (for 5 percent condom use) to 37.8 per 100 patient-years (for 100 percent condom use).
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common in sexually active young women,
1
–
4
and certain types of HPV are causally related to anogenital cancers
5
and warts.
6
Although evidence demonstrates that the use of condoms by men substantially reduces the risk of genital transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in women,
7
data on the effectiveness of condoms in reducing the incidence of other sexually transmitted infections are more limited.
8
,
9
In particular, several studies have found that condom use by men does not reduce the risk of HPV infection in women,
1
,
4
,
10
–
13
and recent congressional hearings have addressed changing Food . . .
To quantify the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) acquisition associated with a first male sex partner and to identify associated risk factors, we analyzed data from women who were enrolled before ...or within 3 months of first intercourse with a male partner and were censored at the report of a second partner. The 1-year cumulative incidence of first HPV infection was 28.5% (95% confidence interval, 20.6%-38.6%) and increased to almost 50% by 3 years. The risk was increased when the first male partner was sexually experienced. Our results indicate a high risk of HPV infection in young women who have had just 1 male sex partner.
BackgroundTo determine the potential value of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, information concerning the incidence and duration of clinically important lesions is needed MethodsA total of 603 ...female university students were followed for a mean duration of 38.8 months. Triannual gynecologic examinations included cervical and vulvovaginal specimen collection for Pap and HPV DNA testing. Women with cytologic evidence of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) were referred for colposcopically directed biopsy ResultsAmong women with incident HPV infection, the 36-month cumulative incidence of cervical SILs found by cytologic testing (47.2%; 95% confidence interval CI, 38.9%–56.4%) was higher than that of vaginal SILs (28.8%; 95% CI, 21.3%–38.2%). The median time to clearance of cervical and vaginal SILs was 5.5 and 4.7 months, respectively. Among women with incident HPV-16 or HPV-18 infection, the 36-month cumulative incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 was 20.0% (95% CI, 10.8%–35.1%), and that of CIN grade 3 was 6.7% (95% CI, 2.5%–17.0%). The 36-month cumulative incidence of clinically ascertained genital warts among women with incident HPV-6 or HPV-11 infection was 64.2% (95% CI, 50.7%–77.4%) ConclusionsIntraepithelial lesions are common early events among women with incident HPV infection, and the interval between incident HPV-16 or HPV-18 infection and biopsy-confirmed CIN grade 2–3 appears to be relatively short
The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the genital mucosa and serum IgG to HPV-16, -18, and -6 was studied in a cohort of 588 college women. Among women with incident HPV ...infections, 59.5%, 54.1%, and 68.8% seroconverted for HPV-16, -18, or -6, respectively, within 18 months of detecting the corresponding HPV DNA. Transient HPV DNA was associated with a failure to seroconvert following incident HPV infection; however, some women with persistent HPV DNA never seroconverted. Antibody responses to each type were heterogeneous, but several type-specific differences were found: seroconversion for HPV-16 occurred most frequently between 6 and 12 months of DNA detection, but seroconversion for HPV-6 coincided with DNA detection. Additionally, antibody responses to HPV-16 and -18 were significantly more likely to persist during follow-up than were antibodies to HPV-6.
To evaluate methods for detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in men, samples were obtained from 3 consecutive groups of 10 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic by use of ...(1) a salinewetted Dacron swab alone, (2) a saline-wetted cytobrush, or (3) emery paper (600A-grit Wetordry Tri-M-ite; 3M) abrasion followed by a saline-wetted Dacron swab. By use of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, 45% of emery-paper samples were found to be positive for β-globin, compared with 23% of swab-alone and 0% of cytobrush samples. Subsequently, emery paper and saline-wetted Dacron swabs were used to obtain penile shaft, glans, foreskin, and scrotum samples from 318 male university students. Urine samples were also obtained. Of 1323 samples tested, 1288 (97%) were found to be positive for β-globin. HPV DNA was detected in samples from 104 men (33%): 24% from the penile shaft, 16% from the glans, 28% from the foreskin, 17% from the scrotum, and 6% in urine. The HPV prevalence was similar for circumcised and uncircumcised men. Testing multiple sites increased the number of men for whom HPV DNA was detected.
Genital human papillomavirus infection in men Partridge, Jeffrey M; Koutsky, Laura A
The Lancet infectious diseases,
2006, 2006-Jan, 2006-01-00, 20060101, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, globally one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, is associated with cancers, genital warts, and other epithelial lesions. Although a ...consistent and coherent picture of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of genital HPV infections in women has developed over the past two decades, less is known about these infections in men. Available data suggest that, as with women, most genital HPV infections in men are symptomless and unapparent, and that HPV16 is probably the most frequently detected type. In populations of similar age, the prevalence of specific HPV types is usually lower in men than in women. Whether this observation relates to lower incidence or shorter duration of infection in men than in women has not yet been determined. Seroprevalence of specific anti-HPV antibodies also seems to be lower in men than in women of similar age, a difference that might be due to lower viral load, lower incidence or duration of infection or lower antibody responses, or both, in men compared with women. Differences in sexual behaviour may also be important predictors of genital HPV infection. With the anticipated availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the near future, it becomes increasingly important to understand the incidence and duration of HPV infections in men to develop cost-effective approaches to prevention through a combination of immunisation and promotion of risk-reduction strategies.
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is sexually transmitted and is present in 50 percent of cervical cancers. This randomized, double-blind trial assessed the effectiveness of a vaccine that ...consists of HPV-16 L1 virus-like particles in women who were seronegative for HPV-16. The vaccine was highly effective in preventing HPV-16 infection.
The vaccine prevents HPV-16 infection, which is present in half of cervical cancers.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease.
1
–
4
Although most infections are benign, persistent infection (repeated detection of an oncogenic type of HPV) is associated with the development of cervical and other anogenital cancers.
5
–
9
Of the more than 30 types of HPV known to infect human genitalia, HPV type 16 (HPV-16) is most commonly linked with cancer, since it is present in 50 percent of cervical cancers and high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias
4
,
10
,
11
and in 25 percent of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias.
11
,
12
A vaccine that prevents persistent HPV-16 infection could substantially reduce the incidence . . .
Background. There are few published estimates of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rates among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Methods. We estimated incidence and prevalence of ...type-specific anal HPV infection using clinician-collected anal swabs for HPV DNA testing obtained during a 1-year prospective study of 94 YMSM (mean age, 21 years) in Seattle. Results. Seventy percent of YMSM had any HPV infection detected during the study, and HPV-16 and/or -18 were detected in 37%. The incidence rate for any new HPV infection was 38.5 per 1000 person-months and 15.3 per 1000 person-months for HPV-16/18; 19% had persistent HPV-16/18 infection. No participant tested positive for all 4 HPV types in the quadrivalent vaccine. The number of lifetime male receptive anal sex partners was significantly associated with HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV-16/18 was 6% among YMSM with a history of 1 receptive anal sex partner and 31% among YMSM with ≥2 partners. Conclusions. Although the high prevalence of HPV among YMSM highlights the desirability of vaccinating all boys as a strategy to avert the morbidity of HPV infection, most YMSM appear to remain naive to either HPV-16 or -18 well into their sexual lives and would benefit from HPV immunization.
PDF
