Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently attracted a great deal of interest as they may represent a new biosignaling paradigm. According to the mode of biogenesis, size and composition, two broad ...categories of EVs have been described, exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been shown to carry cargoes of signaling proteins, RNA species, DNA and lipids. Once released, their content is selectively taken up by near or distant target cells, influencing their behavior. Exosomes are involved in cell-cell communication in a wide range of embryonic developmental processes and in fetal-maternal communication. In the present review, an outline of the role of EVs in neural development, regeneration and diseases is presented. EVs can act as regulators of normal homeostasis, but they can also promote either neuroinflammation/degeneration or tissue repair in pathological conditions, depending on their content. Since EV molecular cargo constitutes a representation of the origin cell status, EVs can be exploited in the diagnosis of several diseases. Due to their capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), EVs not only have been suggested for the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders by means of minimally invasive procedures, i.e., "liquid biopsies", but they are also considered attractive tools for targeted drug delivery across the BBB. From the therapeutic perspective, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising sources of EVs. In particular, the neuroprotective properties of MSCs derived from the dental pulp are here discussed.
Optimal combination of stem cells and biocompatible support material is a promising strategy for successful tissue engineering. The required differentiation of stem cells is crucial for functionality ...of engineered tissues and can be regulated by chemical and physical cues. Here we examined how boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) are affected when cultured in the same medium, but on collagen‐ or laminin‐polyacrylamide (PAA) scaffolds of different stiffness (0.5, 1, or ~7 kPa). bNCSCs displayed marked differences in their ability to attach, maintain a large cell population and differentiate, depending on scaffold stiffness. These findings show that the design of physical cues is an important parameter to achieve optimal stem cell properties for tissue repair and engineering.
Sustainable development, encompassing environmental, social responsibility, and corporate governance issues, is a crucial development concept for many global companies. Foreign companies have long ...appreciated the positive economic effect of following these principles, which consists of an increase in key indicators and a decrease in staff turnover. Russian companies still consider sustainable development activities an optional element of doing business and do not expect additional economic benefits. Current economic conditions are characterized by high uncertainty and dynamism, which forces companies to look for new ways to improve business efficiency. In Russian companies, one of these ways may be to reduce employees’ degree of alienation and increase employee engagement. Based on the survey results, the article analyzes the social and personal factors that affect the degree of alienation of employees of Russian enterprises. It is proposed to consider increasing employees’ engagement as an effective mechanism for reducing the level of alienation. The practice of assessing employee engagement in Russian companies is considered.
Towards 3D Bioprinted Spinal Cord Organoids Han, Yilin; King, Marianne; Tikhomirov, Evgenii ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
05/2022, Letnik:
23, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures, so-called organoids, have emerged as an attractive tool for disease modeling and therapeutic innovations. Here, we aim to determine if boundary cap neural crest stem ...cells (BC) can survive and differentiate in gelatin-based 3D bioprinted bioink scaffolds in order to establish an enabling technology for the fabrication of spinal cord organoids on a chip. BC previously demonstrated the ability to support survival and differentiation of co-implanted or co-cultured cells and supported motor neuron survival in excitotoxically challenged spinal cord slice cultures. We tested different combinations of bioink and cross-linked material, analyzed the survival of BC on the surface and inside the scaffolds, and then tested if human iPSC-derived neural cells (motor neuron precursors and astrocytes) can be printed with the same protocol, which was developed for BC. We showed that this protocol is applicable for human cells. Neural differentiation was more prominent in the peripheral compared to central parts of the printed construct, presumably because of easier access to differentiation-promoting factors in the medium. These findings show that the gelatin-based and enzymatically cross-linked hydrogel is a suitable bioink for building a multicellular, bioprinted spinal cord organoid, but that further measures are still required to achieve uniform neural differentiation.
•Boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) increase vascularization following dorsal root avulsion in vivo.•bNCSC clusters integrate with host tissue following transplantation.•bNCSCs 3D printed ...together with aortic rings in gelatin scaffold assist migration of endothelial cells towards formation of new blood vessels.
Dorsal root avulsion injuries lead to loss of sensation and to reorganization of blood vessels (BVs) in the injured area. The inability of injured sensory axons to re-enter the spinal cord results in permanent loss of sensation, and often also leads to the development of neuropathic pain. Approaches that restore connection between peripheral sensory axons and their CNS targets are thus urgently need. Previous research has shown that sensory axons from peripherally grafted human sensory neurons are able to enter the spinal cord by growing along BVs which penetrate the CNS from the spinal cord surface. In this study we analysed the distribution of BVs after avulsion injury and how their pattern is affected by implantation at the injury site of boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs), a transient cluster of cells, which are located at the boundary between the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system and assist the growth of sensory axons from periphery into the spinal cord during development. The superficial dorsal spinal cord vasculature was examined using intravital microscopy and intravascular BV labelling. bNCSC transplantation increased vascular volume in a non-dose responsive manner, whereas dorsal root avulsion alone did not decrease the vascular volume. To determine whether bNCSC are endowed with angiogenic properties we prepared 3D printed scaffolds, containing bNCSCs together with rings prepared from mouse aorta. We show that bNCSC do induce migration and assembly of endothelial cells in this system. These findings suggest that bNCSC transplant can promote vascularization in vivo and contribute to BV formation in 3D printed scaffolds.
Understanding how stem cells adapt to space flight conditions is fundamental for human space missions and extraterrestrial settlement. We analyzed gene expression in boundary cap neural crest stem ...cells (BCs), which are attractive for regenerative medicine by their ability to promote proliferation and survival of cocultured and co‐implanted cells. BCs were launched to space (space exposed cells) (SEC), onboard sounding rocket MASER 14 as free‐floating neurospheres or in a bioprinted scaffold. For comparison, BCs were placed in a random positioning machine (RPM) to simulate microgravity on earth (RPM cells) or were cultured under control conditions in the laboratory. Using next‐generation RNA sequencing and data post‐processing, we discovered that SEC upregulated genes related to proliferation and survival, whereas RPM cells upregulated genes associated with differentiation and inflammation. Thus, (i) space flight provides unique conditions with distinctly different effects on the properties of BC compared to earth controls, and (ii) the space flight exposure induces postflight properties that reinforce the utility of BC for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Boundary cap neural crest stem cells as neurospheres or in 3D bioprinted scaffold were subjected to space condition in Sounding Rocket. The cells survived space flight and acquired novel post‐flight gene expression characteristics and increased proliferation capacity.
We discuss interesting effects that occur when strongly focusing light with mth-order cylindrical–circular polarization. This type of hybrid polarization combines properties of the mth-order ...cylindrical polarization and circular polarization. Reluing on the Richards-Wolf formalism, we deduce analytical expressions that describe E- and H-vector components, intensity patterns, and projections of the Poynting vector and spin angular momentum (SAM) vector at the strong focus. The intensity of light in the strong focus is theoretically and numerically shown to have an even number of local maxima located along a closed contour centered at an on-axis point of zero intensity. We show that light generates 4m vortices of a transverse energy flow, with their centers located between the local intensity maxima. The transverse energy flow is also shown to change its handedness an even number of times proportional to the order of the optical vortex via a full circle around the optical axis. It is interesting that the longitudinal SAM projection changes its sign at the focus 4m times. The longitudinal SAM component is found to be positive, and the polarization vector is shown to rotate anticlockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates anticlockwise, and vice versa—the longitudinal SAM component is negative and the polarization vector rotates clockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates clockwise. This spatial separation at the focus of left and right circularly polarized light is a manifestation of the optical spin Hall effect. The results obtained in terms of controlling the intensity maxima allow the transverse mode analysis of laser beams in sensorial applications. For a demonstration of the proposed application, the metalens is calculated, which can be a prototype for an optical microsensor based on sharp focusing for measuring roughness.
ALS is a devastating disease resulting in degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord. The survival of MNs strongly depends on surrounding glial cells and neurotrophic support ...from muscles. We previously demonstrated that boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) can give rise to neurons and glial cells
in vitro
and
in vivo
and have multiple beneficial effects on co-cultured and co-implanted cells, including neural cells. In this paper, we investigate if bNCSCs may improve survival of MNs harboring a mutant form of human SOD1 (SOD1
G93A
)
in vitro
under normal conditions and oxidative stress and
in vivo
after implantation to the spinal cord. We found that survival of SOD1
G93A
MNs
in vitro
was increased in the presence of bNCSCs under normal conditions as well as under oxidative stress. In addition, when SOD1
G93A
MN precursors were implanted to the spinal cord of adult mice, their survival was increased when they were co-implanted with bNCSCs. These findings show that bNCSCs support survival of SOD1
G93A
MNs in normal conditions and under oxidative stress
in vitro
and improve their survival
in vivo
, suggesting that bNCSCs have a potential for the development of novel stem cell-based therapeutic approaches in ALS models.
The article is devoted to the problem of linguo-axiological research into modern leaders' value picture of the world, broadcasted to the youth audience in the emotiogenic discourse. The study is ...aimed at identification and analysis of the emotional representation of the axiological component in the texts of the discursive personality of the leader, who is thought as an influential and socially recognized person. The video recording of the student discussion clubs "Dialogue on Equal Terms" provided the material for the study. In line with the cognitive and discursive methodology based on recognition of axiological parameters of discourse determining cognition, the authors identified the value components of leadership in their emotiogenic representation, verbalized in talk shows as "secrets of success." The use of the linguo-axiological analysis of about 500 facts made it possible to identify speech tools for creating an emotiogenic utterance: the discursive genres "Advice" and "Suggestion", as well as an indirect way of "instructing young people" in a narrative form with adherent emotivity. With the help of axiosphere modeling, dominant and peripheral conceptual signs of leadership are established. The analysis of the frame composition of values objectified in the emotiogenic discourse as components of the personal system of leaders and group consciousness (leadership) testifies its purposeful creation for the translation of the value orientations of the subject of the discourse of youth.
Recovery of an athlete after injury allows to achieve either the previous results or relatively equal. Moreover, the prescribed drugs or recovery exercises are offered in courses without the ...possibility of process adjustments. The relevance of the study is determined primarily by a large number of universal methods of restoration, if necessary, development of more patient-specific approach. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the human body is a dynamic system, the state of which is different at any time. The authors developed the idea of a stochastic process problem in the form of a system with a variable state, which can be utilized to generate a process, in order to build a technique for recognizing and predicting the state of dynamic systems. The authors showed that the dynamic system of the body can be considered not only as a process element, but also as a structure that allows to fully achieve recovery during the training period of athletes and their off-season indicators. The paper has developed a model that allows to predict the state of the dynamic system and harmonise the load and the recovery process of the athlete's body. The developed method for identifying and predicting the state of dynamical systems with the improvement of the method of covariance functions factorisation makes it possible to determine the main matrices of a dynamical system using the Riccati equation.
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