Activation of the Hippo pathway effector Yap underlies many liver cancers, however no germline or somatic mutations have been identified. Autophagy maintains essential metabolic functions of the ...liver, and autophagy-deficient murine models develop benign adenomas and hepatomegaly, which have been attributed to activation of the p62/Sqstm1-Nrf2 axis. Here, we show that Yap is an autophagy substrate and mediator of tissue remodeling and hepatocarcinogenesis independent of the p62/Sqstm1-Nrf2 axis. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Atg7 promotes liver size, fibrosis, progenitor cell expansion, and hepatocarcinogenesis, which is rescued by concurrent deletion of Yap. Our results shed new light on mechanisms of Yap degradation and the sequence of events that follow disruption of autophagy, which is impaired in chronic liver disease.
We study inclusive
B
-meson production in
pp
collisions at the LHC and compare experimental data with predictions of the general-mass variable-flavour-number scheme at next-to-leading order of ...perturbative QCD. We find almost perfect agreement provided that the factorization scale parameters and the parton distribution functions are chosen appropriately.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
It was previously demonstrated that Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS1) were successfully used to assess whether an olive oil was extra virgin, and ...if adulterated, with which type of vegetable oil and by how much using previously developed PLS1 calibration models. This last prediction required an initial set of four PLS1 calibration models that were based on gravimetrically prepared mixtures of a specific variety of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) spiked with adulterants. The current study was undertaken after obtaining a range of EVOO varieties grown in different countries. It was found that all the different types of EVOO varieties investigated belonged to four distinct groups, and each required the development of additional sets of specific PLS1 calibration models to ensure that they can be used to predict low concentrations of vegetable oils high in linoleic, oleic, or palmitic acid, and/or refined olive oil. These four distinct sets of PLS1 calibration models were required to cover the range of EVOO varieties with a linoleic acid content from 1.3 to 15.5 % of total fatty acids. An FT-NIR library was established with 66 EVOO products obtained from California and Europe. The quality and/or purity of EVOO were assessed by determining the FT-NIR Index, a measure of the volatile content of EVOO. The use of these PLS1 calibration models made it possible to predict the authenticity of EVOO and the identity and quantity of potential adulterant oils in minutes.
A discrete memoryless network (DMN) is a memoryless multiterminal channel with discrete inputs and outputs. A sequence of inner bounds to the DMN capacity region is derived by using code trees. ...Capacity expressions are given for three classes of DMNs: (1) a single-letter expression for a class with a common output, (2) a two-letter expression for a binary-symmetric broadcast channel (BC) with partial feedback, and (3) a finite-letter expression for push-to-talk DMNs. The first result is a consequence of a new capacity outer bound for common output DMNs. The third result demonstrates that the common practice of using a time-sharing random variable does not include all time-sharing possibilities, namely, time sharing of channels. Several techniques for improving the bounds are developed: (1) causally conditioned entropy and directed information simplify the inner bounds, (2) code trellises serve as simple code trees, (3) superposition coding and binning with code trees improves rates. Numerical computations show that the last technique enlarges the best known rate regions for a multiple-access channel (MAC) and a BC, both with feedback. In addition to the rate bounds, a sequence of inner bounds to the DMN reliability function is derived. A numerical example for a two-way channel illustrates the behavior of the error exponents.
The discrete Alfvén Eigenmode spectrum below the TAE frequency is studied for hybrid and sawtooth scenarios in tokamaks whereby the full coupling between the Alfvén and slow magnetosonic waves are ...taken into account. In this frequency regime the usally applied slow-sound approximation is not valid and modes in this frequency regime were recently called Alfvén-Slow Eigenmodes (ASE). For the hybrid scenarios (central q ≈ 2 up to ρ ≈ 0.6) a rich spectrum of eigenmodes was found that depend on the plasma pressure and magnetic shear. It was found that the number of modes below the TAE gap is the highest for weakly reversed q profiles while the number of modes increases with pressure. For zero central shear q-profiles the number of modes is lower than in the reversed shear case while for the normal shear hybrid q-profiles the number of eigenmode first increased with increasing pressure followed by a decrease in the number of eigenmodes. For plasma scenarios with central q<1 (sawtoothing plasmas) modes were found outside the q = 1 surface that are consistent with observations in contrast to the conventional BAE which is located at the q = 1 surface. The frequency behaviour of the modes below the TAE gap was studied for a reversed shear q-profile in which qmin was varied and it was found that ASEs frequencies increase and/or decrease as a function of qmin thereby emerging from and/or disappearing into the continuum.
The terrestrial biosphere sequesters up to a third of annual anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, offsetting a substantial portion of greenhouse gas forcing of the climate system. Although a ...number of factors are responsible for this terrestrial carbon sink, atmospheric nitrogen deposition contributes by enhancing tree productivity and promoting carbon storage in tree biomass. Forest soils also represent an important, but understudied carbon sink. Here, we examine the contribution of trees versus soil to total ecosystem carbon storage in a temperate forest and investigate the mechanisms by which soils accumulate carbon in response to two decades of elevated nitrogen inputs. We find that nitrogen-induced soil carbon accumulation is of equal or greater magnitude to carbon stored in trees, with the degree of response being dependent on stand type (hardwood versus pine) and level of N addition. Nitrogen enrichment resulted in a shift in organic matter chemistry and the microbial community such that unfertilized soils had a higher relative abundance of fungi and lipid, phenolic, and N-bearing compounds; whereas, N-amended plots were associated with reduced fungal biomass and activity and higher rates of lignin accumulation. We conclude that soil carbon accumulation in response to N enrichment was largely due to a suppression of organic matter decomposition rather than enhanced carbon inputs to soil via litter fall and root production.
At present three key energy carriers have the potential to allow a transition towards a sustainable energy system: electricity, biofuels and hydrogen. All three offer great opportunity, but equally ...true is that each is limited in different ways. In this article we focus on the latter and develop learning curves using cost data observed during the period 1940–2007 for two essential constituents of a possible ‘hydrogen economy’: the construction of hydrogen production facilities and the production process of hydrogen with these facilities. Three hydrogen production methods are examined, in decreasing order of importance with regards to their current market share: steam methane reforming, coal gasification and electrolysis of water. The fact that we have to include data in our analysis that go far back in time, as well as the uncertainties that especially the older data are characterized by, render the development of reliable learning curves challenging. We find only limited learning at best in a couple of cases, and no cost reductions can be detected for the overall hydrogen production process. Of the six activities investigated, statistically meaningful learning curves can only be determined for the investment costs required for the construction of steam methane reforming facilities, with a learning rate of
11
±
6
%
, and water electrolysis equipment, with a learning rate of
18
±
13
%
. For past coal gasification facility construction costs no learning rate can be discerned. The learning rates calculated for steam methane reforming and water electrolysis equipment construction costs have large error margins, but lie well in the range of the learning reported in the literature for other technologies in the energy sector.
A partially cooperative relay broadcast channel (RBC) is a three-node network with one source node and two destination nodes (destinations 1 and 2) where destination 1 can act as a relay to assist ...destination 2. Inner and outer bounds on the capacity region of the discrete memoryless partially cooperative RBC are obtained. When the relay function is disabled, the inner bound reduces to an inner bound on the capacity region of broadcast channels that includes an inner bound of Marton, and GePfand and Pinsker. The outer bound reduces to a new outer bound on the capacity region of broadcast channels that generalizes an outer bound of Marton to include a common message, and that generalizes an outer bound of GePfand and Pinsker to apply to general discrete memoryless broadcast channels. The proof for the outer bound simplifies the proof of GePfand and Pinsker that was based on a recursive approach. Four classes of RBCs are studied in detail. For the partially cooperative RBC with degraded message sets, inner and outer bounds are obtained. For the semideterministic partially cooperative RBC and the orthogonal partially cooperative RBC, the capacity regions are established. For the parallel partially cooperative RBC with unmatched degraded subchannels, the capacity region is established for the case of degraded message sets. The capacity is also established when the source node has only a private message for destination 2, i.e., the channel reduces to a parallel relay channel with unmatched degraded subchannels.
Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts are used to design systematic and nonsystematic repeat-accumulate (RA) codes for iterative detection and decoding. The convergence problems of ...nonsystematic RA codes are solved by introducing a biregular, or doped, layer of check nodes. As examples, such nonsystematic codes are designed for multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) fading channels and are shown to operate close to capacity.
This article investigated the mycochemical profiles and the antioxidant activities of the lipophilic extracts of the white and brown button mushrooms. We found that only free ergosterols were present ...in both mushrooms at 2.04−4.82 mg/g dry matter (DM). Ergosterol concentration was higher in early growth stages but decreased as the mushrooms grew, and it distributed evenly between the caps and stems during early developmental stages but accumulated more in the caps after maturation. The photochemiluminescence (PCL) values of the two mushrooms were 5.49−10.48 nmol trolox equivalent/mg DM, and the EC50 values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay ranged 20.19−41.49 mg DM/μg DPPH. The ergosterol content positively correlated with the antioxidant activities (r 2 > 0.89). The total fatty acid content was 8.7 mg/g DM in the white and 5.1 mg/g DM in the brown button mushroom and contained mainly linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Our data provide guidance for optimized harvesting time of mushrooms and maximized health benefits.
PDF
