Introduction
Witnessing violence and violent victimization have detrimental effects on adolescents' emotional functioning and ability to envision and plan for their futures. However, research is ...limited on the impact of violence that occurs in adolescents' communities—whether or not it was witnessed or experienced firsthand. This paper investigated the associations between community exposure to gun homicide and adolescents' high school and college graduation aspirations.
Methods
We analyzed data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3031), a cohort study of children born 1998–2000 in 20 large US cities, merged with incident‐level data on deadly gun violence from the Gun Violence Archive (2014–2017). Outcomes were reported by adolescents (girls and boys) during wave 6 (2014–2017) of the study, conducted when the children were 15 years of age. We employed ordinary least squares regression, ordered logistic regression, and multilevel stratification to examine the average and heterogeneous impacts of community exposure to gun homicide on adolescents' educational aspirations.
Results
Community exposure to gun homicide was associated with reduced high school graduation aspirations, particularly among adolescents with the lowest risk of exposure to gun homicide. Gun homicide exposure was also associated with increased college graduation aspirations; this association was concentrated among adolescents with moderate‐high risk of exposure.
Conclusions
Given the importance of education for job opportunities and the better health that accompanies education and occupational attainment, preventing early exposure to gun violence and providing institutional supports to help adolescents facing adversity realize their goals is essential to their long‐term health and success.
The two-dimensional signed small ball inequality states that for all possible choices of signs,
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The ability to appropriately integrate and respond to rewarding and aversive stimuli is essential for survival. The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in processing both rewarding and ...aversive stimuli. However, the VP is a heterogeneous structure, and how VP subpopulations integrate into larger reward networks to ultimately modulate these behaviors is not known. We identify a noncanonical population of glutamatergic VP neurons that play a unique role in responding to aversive stimuli and constraining inappropriate reward seeking.
Using neurochemical, genetic, and electrophysiological approaches, we characterized glutamatergic VP neurons (n = 4–8 mice/group). We performed patch clamp and in vivo electrophysiology recordings in the lateral habenula, rostromedial tegmental nucleus, and ventral tegmental area to determine the effect of glutamatergic VP neuron activation in these target regions (n = 6–10 mice/group). Finally, we selectively optogenetically stimulated glutamatergic VP neurons in a real-time place preference task and ablated these neurons using a virally expressed caspase to determine their necessity for reward seeking.
Glutamatergic VP neurons exhibit little overlap with cholinergic or gamma-aminobutyric acidergic markers, the canonical VP subtypes, and exhibit distinct membrane properties. Glutamatergic VP neurons innervate and increase firing activity of the lateral habenula, rostromedial tegmental nucleus, and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic ventral tegmental area neurons. While nonselective optogenetic stimulation of the VP induced a robust place preference, selective activation of glutamatergic VP neurons induced a place avoidance. Viral ablation of glutamatergic VP neurons increased reward responding and abolished taste aversion to sucrose.
Glutamatergic VP neurons constitute a noncanonical subpopulation of VP neurons. These glutamatergic VP neurons increase activity of the lateral habenula, rostromedial tegmental nucleus, and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic ventral tegmental area neurons and adaptively constrain reward seeking.
The risks associated with miniscrew placement should be clearly understood by both the clinician and the patient. Complications can arise during miniscrew placement and after orthodontic loading that ...affect stability and patient safety. A thorough understanding of proper placement technique, bone density and landscape, peri-implant soft-tissue, regional anatomic structures, and patient home care are imperative for optimal patient safety and miniscrew success. The purpose of this article was to review the potential risks and complications of orthodontic miniscrews in regard to insertion, orthodontic loading, peri-implant soft-tissue health, and removal.
The last decade has seen broad exploratory research into stratospheric aerosol (SA) geoengineering, motivated by concern that reducing greenhouse gas emissions may be insufficient to avoid ...significant impacts from climate change. Based on this research, it is plausible that a limited deployment of SA geoengineering, provided it is used in addition to cutting emissions, could reduce many climate risks for most people. However, “plausible” is an insufficient basis on which to support future decisions. Developing the necessary knowledge requires a transition toward mission-driven research that has the explicit goal of supporting informed decisions. We highlight two important observations that follow from considering such a comprehensive, prioritized natural-science research effort. First, while field experiments may eventually be needed to reduce some of the uncertainties, we expect that the next phase of research will continue to be primarily model-based, with one outcome being to assess and prioritize which uncertainties need to be reduced (and, as a corollary, which field experiments can reduce those uncertainties). Second, we anticipate a clear separation in scale and character between small-scale experimental research to resolve specific process uncertainties and global-scale activities. We argue that the latter, even if the radiative forcing is negligible, should more appropriately be considered after a decision regarding whether and how to deploy SA geoengineering, rather than within the scope of “research” activities.
Slower rate of binocular rivalry in autism Robertson, Caroline E; Kravitz, Dwight J; Freyberg, Jan ...
The Journal of neuroscience,
10/2013, Letnik:
33, Številka:
43
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition is a central component of many models of autistic neurobiology. We tested a potential behavioral footprint of this proposed imbalance using ...binocular rivalry, a visual phenomenon in which perceptual experience is thought to mirror the push and pull of excitatory and inhibitory cortical dynamics. In binocular rivalry, two monocularly presented images compete, leading to a percept that alternates between them. In a series of trials, we presented separate images of objects (e.g., a baseball and a broccoli) to each eye using a mirror stereoscope and asked human participants with autism and matched control subjects to continuously report which object they perceived, or whether they perceived a mixed percept. Individuals with autism demonstrated a slower rate of binocular rivalry alternations than matched control subjects, with longer durations of mixed percepts and an increased likelihood to revert to the previously perceived object when exiting a mixed percept. Critically, each of these findings was highly predictive of clinical measures of autistic symptomatology. Control "playback" experiments demonstrated that differences in neither response latencies nor response criteria could account for the atypical dynamics of binocular rivalry we observed in autistic spectrum conditions. Overall, these results may provide an index of atypical cortical dynamics that may underlie both the social and nonsocial symptoms of autism.
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