We present measurements of bulk properties of the matter produced in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}$$_ {NN}$= 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV using identified hadrons (π±, K±, p, and $\bar{p}$) from ...the STAR experiment in the Beam Energy Scan (BES) Program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Midrapidity (| y | < 0.1) results for multiplicity densities dN / dy, average transverse momenta $\langle$pT$\rangle$, and particle ratios are presented. The chemical and kinetic freeze-out dynamics at these energies are discussed and presented as a function of collision centrality and energy. These results constitute the systematic measurements of bulk properties of matter formed in heavy-ion collisions over a broad range of energy (or baryon chemical potential) at RHIC.
In this study, we present results of analyses of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV measured in the STAR detector as part of the RHIC ...Beam Energy Scan program. The extracted correlation lengths (HBT radii) are studied as a function of beam energy, azimuthal angle relative to the reaction plane, centrality, and transverse mass (mT) of the particles. The azimuthal analysis allows extraction of the eccentricity of the entire fireball at kinetic freeze-out. The energy dependence of this observable is expected to be sensitive to changes in the equation of state. A new global fit method is studied as an alternate method to directly measure the parameters in the azimuthal analysis. The eccentricity shows a monotonic decrease with beam energy that is qualitatively consistent with the trend from all model predictions and quantitatively consistent with a hadronic transport model.
Here, we present measurements of three-particle correlations for various harmonics in Au+Au collisions at energies ranging from √sNN=7.7 to 200 GeV using the STAR detector. The quantity < ...cos(mΦ1+nΦ2–(m+n)Φ3) >, with Φ being the azimuthal angles of the particles is evaluated as a function of √sNN, collision centrality, transverse momentum, pT, pseudorapidity difference, Δη, and harmonics (m and n). These data provide detailed information on global event properties such as the three-dimensional structure of the initial overlap region, the expansion dynamics of the matter produced in the collisions, and the transport properties of the medium. A strong dependence on Δη is observed for most harmonic combinations, which is consistent with breaking of longitudinal boost invariance. An interesting energy dependence is observed when one of the harmonics m,n, or m+n is equal to two, for which the correlators are dominated by the two-particle correlations relative to the second-harmonic event plane. These measurements can be used to constrain models of heavy-ion collisions over a wide range of temperature and baryon chemical potential.
Polarized atomic beam sources have been in operation for many years to produce either nuclear polarized atomic hydrogen or deuterium beams. In recent experiments, such a source was used to polarize ...both isotopes independently at the same time. By recombination of the atoms, hydrogen-deuterium molecules with all possible nuclear spin combinations can be created. Those spin isomers are useful for further applications, like precision spectroscopy, as polarized targets for laser-particle acceleration, polarized fuel for fusion reactors, or as an option for future measurements of electric dipole moments.
The MuCap experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute has measured the rate Λ(S) of muon capture from the singlet state of the muonic hydrogen atom to a precision of 1%. A muon beam was stopped in a ...time projection chamber filled with 10-bar, ultrapure hydrogen gas. Cylindrical wire chambers and a segmented scintillator barrel detected electrons from muon decay. Λ(S) is determined from the difference between the μ(-) disappearance rate in hydrogen and the free muon decay rate. The result is based on the analysis of 1.2 × 10(10) μ(-) decays, from which we extract the capture rate Λ(S) = (714.9 ± 5.4(stat) ± 5.1(syst)) s(-1) and derive the proton's pseudoscalar coupling g(P)(q(0)(2) = -0.88 m(μ)(2)) = 8.06 ± 0.55.
The nuclear
dd
-fusion reaction can proceed by three possible channels:
,
,
. Interest in
dd
-fusion has been aroused by both fundamental research and astrophysics and applied science, particularly ...in the field of fusion reactor development. In the 1970s, the idea of studying the nuclear
dd
-fusion reaction using polarized deuteron beams was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute. The development of this idea was continued in the PolFusion (polarized fusion) nuclear physics experiment, which aims at studying the reaction of nuclear
dd
synthesis with polarized source particles in the low energy region. The experiment is planned to measured the scattering asymmetries of
dd
-fusion reaction products in the final state at different mutual orientation of the spins of colliding deuterons in the energy range 10–100 keV. The authors present an overview of the status of the experiment.
A series of muon experiments at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland deploy ultra-pure hydrogen active targets. A new gas impurity analysis technique was developed, based on conventional gas ...chromatography, with the capability to measure part-per-billion (ppb) traces of nitrogen and oxygen in hydrogen and deuterium. Key ingredients are a cryogenic admixture accumulation, a directly connected sampling system and a dedicated calibration setup. The dependence of the measured concentration on the sample volume was investigated, confirming that all impurities from the sample gas are collected in the accumulation column and measured with the gas chromatograph. The system was calibrated utilizing dynamic dilution of admixtures into the gas flow down to sub-ppb level concentrations. The total amount of impurities accumulated in the purification system during a three month long experimental run was measured and agreed well with the calculated amount based on the measured concentrations in the flow.
We report measurements of Υ meson production in p + p, d + Au, and Au+Au collisions using the STAR detector at RHIC. We compare the Υ yield to the measured cross section in p + p collisions in order ...to quantify any modifications of the yield in cold nuclear matter using d + Au data and in hot nuclear matter using Au+Au data separated into three centrality classes. Our p + p measurement is based on three times the statistics of our previous result. We obtain a nuclear modification factor for Upsilon (1S + 2S + 3S) in the rapidity range |y| < 1 in d + Au collisions of RdAu = 0.79 ± 0.24(stat.) ± 0.03(syst.) ± 0.10(p + p syst.). A comparison with models including shadowing and initial state parton energy loss indicates the presence of additional cold-nuclear matter suppression. Similarly, in the top 10% most-central Au + Au collisions, we measure a nuclear modification factor of R AA = 0.49 ±0.1(stat.) ±0.02(syst.) ±0.06(p + p syst.), which is a larger suppression factor than that seen in cold nuclear matter. Our results are consistent with complete suppression of excited-state Upsilon mesons in Au + Au collisions. The additional suppression in Au + Au is consistent with the level expected in model calculations that include the presence of a hot, deconfined Quark–Gluon Plasma. However, understanding the suppression seen in d + Au is still needed before any definitive statements about the nature of the suppression in Au + Au can be made.
The study of DD reactions, especially with polarized reactants, helps for better understanding of the processes taking place in nuclear astrophysics and fusion reactors. At PNPI Gatchina, Russia, the ...PolFusion experiment with crossing of two polarized beams, i.e. a deuteron and a deuterium beam, is able to measure angular distributions of the differential cross section and, therefore, the spin-correlations coefficients with different combinations of the adjustable nuclear polarization of both beams with a center-of-mass energy between 10 to 100 keV. Some improvements and fine-tuning of the polarized ion source are performed and presented. The atomic beam source for the jet target has been modified as well. An unpolarized experiment with a 10 keV ion beam and heavy water vapor as a target has been carried out with successful registration of the fusion products.
The PolFusion experiment is under preparation at the National Research Center Kurchatov Institute—PNPI, in collaboration with Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany, and INFN/University of Ferrara, ...Italy; the experiment will study the
2
H(
d
,
n
)
3
He and
reactions with a polarized beam and target at low energies up to 100 keV. In this experiment, the differential cross sections and spin-correlation coefficients will be measured for various beam and target polarizations. The status of the PolFusion experiment is discussed. The paper contains a brief review of the theoretical models that can be used to describe
dd
fusion. The mathematical calculations based on partial wave decomposition that can be used for processing the obtained experimental data are considered.
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