The Earth's atmosphere contains ultrafine particles known as aerosols, which can be either liquid or solid particles suspended in gas. These aerosols originate from both natural sources and human ...activities, termed primary and secondary sources respectively. They have significant impacts on the environment, particularly when they transform into ultrafine particles or aerosol nanoparticles, due to their extremely fine atomic structure. With this context in mind, this review aims to elucidate the fundamentals of atmospheric-derived aerosol nanoparticles, covering their various sources, impacts, and methods for control and management. Natural sources such as marine, volcanic, dust, and bioaerosols are discussed, along with anthropogenic sources like the combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and industrial waste. Aerosol nanoparticles can have several detrimental effects on ecosystems, prompting the exploration and analysis of eco-friendly, sustainable technologies for their removal or mitigation.Despite the adverse effects highlighted in the review, attention is also given to the generation of aerosol-derived atmospheric nanoparticles from biomass sources. This finding provides valuable scientific evidence and background for researchers in fields such as epidemiology, aerobiology, and toxicology, particularly concerning atmospheric nanoparticles.
Display omitted
•Sustainable measure towards the management of atmosphere derived aerosol nanoparticle were highlighted.•This study discusses the origin of aerosol nanoparticles and their atmospheric conversion.•Impact of emitted aerosol nanoparticles on various biotic, abiotic components of an ecosystem were discussed.•Methods for the in vitro generation of aerosol nanoparticles from biomass was featured.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are storage granules found in bacteria that are essentially hydroxy fatty acid polyesters. PHA molecules appear in variety of structures, and amongst all types of PHAs, ...polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is used in versatile fields as it is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and ecologically safe thermoplastic. The unique physicochemical characteristics of these PHAs have made them applicable in nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications. In this review, the optimization, extraction, and characterization of PHAs are described. Their production and application in nanotechnology are also portrayed in this review, and the precise and various production methods of PHA-based nanoparticles, such as emulsion solvent diffusion, nanoprecipitation, and dialysis are discussed. The characterization techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, Zeta Potential, and XRD are also elaborated.
Fibres derived from waste can be used in textile industries, cosmetics, wastewater treatment, etc. In the present study, the potential use of biosorbent material obtained from
Cucumis melo
for the ...removal of antibiotic, cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions have been investigated. Seed coat from
C. melo
have been used to extract cellulose fibres which were characterised using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The rheological properties such as moisture and ash content, amount of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose of fibre and its thermal stability using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analyser (DTA) and bioactivity like antibacterial and antioxidant activities for the seed coat and the extracted fibre were examined. Furthermore, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesised using co-precipitation method and was coated onto the extracted fibre and used for the removal of different dyes and antibiotic. It was observed that SPION-coated muskmelon fibre showed highest removal of dyes—crystal violet, methylene blue, Congo red and antibiotic rifampicin—with the percentage 79.67%, 60.55%, 91.98% and 72.79%, respectively, compared with seed coat and extracted fibre. Results suggest that the biosorbents from
C. melo
could be an effective and eco-friendly alternative for the removal of pollutants from aqueous contaminations.
Biological macromolecules like polysaccharides/proteins/glycoproteins have been widely used in the field of tissue engineering due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix of tissue. In ...addition to this, these macromolecules are found to have higher biocompatibility and no/lesser toxicity when compared to synthetic polymers. In recent years, scaffolds made up of proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins have been highly used due to their tensile strength, biodegradability, and flexibility. This review is about the fabrication methods and applications of scaffolds made using various biological macromolecules, including polysaccharides like chitosan, agarose, cellulose, and dextran and proteins like soy proteins, zein proteins, etc. Biopolymer-based nanocomposite production and its application and limitations are also discussed in this review. This review also emphasizes the importance of using natural polymers rather than synthetic ones for developing scaffolds, as natural polymers have unique properties, like high biocompatibility, biodegradability, accessibility, stability, absence of toxicity, and low cost.
Nanoparticles are potential candidates for wastewater treatment especially for the removal of heavy metals due to their strong affinity. Many biopolymers are used as adsorbents and encapsulation of ...nanoparticle onto them can increase their efficiency. In this study, SPIONs, alginate, and SPIONs incorporated on alginate beads have been synthesized and characterized both microscopically and spectroscopically. These were then used for the removal of chromium metal and the percentage of removal was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The percent removal of chromium using SPIONs, alginate and alginate-SPIONs beads were recorded to be 93%, 91% and 94%, respectively. The adsorption of chromium using SPIONs and alginate-SPIONs beads followed the Tempkin isotherm, whereas adsorption of chromium metal by alginate beads was found to be homogeneous in nature and followed the Langmuir isotherm with an R
value of 0.9784. An
study using
as a model organism was done to examine the toxicity and the removal efficiency of the samples. It was observed that chromium water treated with alginate-SPIONs beads, which were removed after water treatment showed less damage to the fishes when compared to SPIONs and alginate beads treated with chromium water where the SPIONs and alginate beads were not removed after the treatment period.
Intensive care units (ICUs) have significant palliative care needs but lack a reliable care framework. This umbrella review addresses them by synthesising palliative care practices provided at ...end-of-life to critically ill patients and their families before, during, and after ICU admission.PURPOSEIntensive care units (ICUs) have significant palliative care needs but lack a reliable care framework. This umbrella review addresses them by synthesising palliative care practices provided at end-of-life to critically ill patients and their families before, during, and after ICU admission.Seven databases were systematically searched for systematic reviews, and the umbrella review was conducted according to the guidelines laid out by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).METHODSSeven databases were systematically searched for systematic reviews, and the umbrella review was conducted according to the guidelines laid out by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).Out of 3122 initial records identified, 40 systematic reviews were included in the synthesis. Six key themes were generated that reflect the palliative and end-of-life care practices in the ICUs and their outcomes. Effective communication and accurate prognostications enabled families to make informed decisions, cope with uncertainty, ease distress, and shorten ICU stays. Inter-team discussions and agreement on a plan are essential before discussing care goals. Recording care preferences prevents unnecessary end-of-life treatments. Exceptional end-of-life care should include symptom management, family support, hydration and nutrition optimisation, avoidance of unhelpful treatments, and bereavement support. Evaluating end-of-life care quality is critical and can be accomplished by seeking family feedback or conducting a survey.RESULTSOut of 3122 initial records identified, 40 systematic reviews were included in the synthesis. Six key themes were generated that reflect the palliative and end-of-life care practices in the ICUs and their outcomes. Effective communication and accurate prognostications enabled families to make informed decisions, cope with uncertainty, ease distress, and shorten ICU stays. Inter-team discussions and agreement on a plan are essential before discussing care goals. Recording care preferences prevents unnecessary end-of-life treatments. Exceptional end-of-life care should include symptom management, family support, hydration and nutrition optimisation, avoidance of unhelpful treatments, and bereavement support. Evaluating end-of-life care quality is critical and can be accomplished by seeking family feedback or conducting a survey.This umbrella review encapsulates current palliative care practices in ICUs, influencing patient and family outcomes and providing insights into developing an appropriate care framework for critically ill patients needing end-of-life care and their families.CONCLUSIONThis umbrella review encapsulates current palliative care practices in ICUs, influencing patient and family outcomes and providing insights into developing an appropriate care framework for critically ill patients needing end-of-life care and their families.
PDF
