The narcissism spectrum model synthesizes extensive personality, social–psychological, and clinical evidence, building on existing knowledge about narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability to reveal ...a view of narcissism that respects its clinical origins, embraces the diversity and complexity of its expression, and reflects extensive scientific evidence about the continuity between normal and abnormal personality expression. Critically, the proposed model addresses three key, inter-related problems that have plagued narcissism scholarship for more than a century. These problems can be summarized as follows: (a) What are the key features of narcissism? (b) How are they organized and related to each other? and (c) Why are they organized that way, that is, what accounts for their relationships? By conceptualizing narcissistic traits as manifested in transactional processes between individuals and their social environments, the model enables integration of existing theories of narcissism and thus provides a compelling perspective for future examination of narcissism and its developmental pathways.
Objective: To derive a robust estimate of the relation between health and subjective status in society versus subjective status in one's community, and to identify moderators of these effects, using ...meta-analysis. Method: Thirty-eight independent studies, which included both subjective status ladders and collectively provided data from 142,836 participants, met criteria for inclusion. Information on sample characteristics (e.g., age, gender, continent), methodological factors (e.g., scale type, methodological quality), and statistical factors (e.g., model type, inclusion of objective socioeconomic status covariates) were extracted from each study. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate data across studies. Results: Both the community ladder and the society ladder yielded small but statistically significant associations with health behavior (r = .06 and r = .06), mental health (r = .13 and r = .11), physical health (r = .05 and r = .04), and self-rated health (r = .08 and r = .09) that were comparable in size and were qualified in a similar way by the type of health outcome, sample age, continent, and methodological quality. Additionally, community and society ladders remained significantly associated with health both when considered simultaneously and following the inclusion of objective socioeconomic status covariates. Conclusions: This meta-analysis is the first to establish a unique association of the community ladder with health. It also supports social comparison theories highlighting the importance of comparisons with proximal others and may promote greater use of the community ladder in future research.
In this article, we test psychodynamic assumptions about envy and narcissism by examining malicious envy in the context of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. In Study 1, students (N = 192) ...and community adults (N = 161) completed trait measures of narcissism, envy, and schadenfreude. In Study 2 (N = 121), participants relived an episode of envy, and cognitive‐affective components of envy were examined in the context of both self‐ and informant reports of their envy and narcissism. In Study 3 (N = 69), narcissism was linked to reports of envy covertly induced in the laboratory. Vulnerable narcissism was strongly and consistently related to dispositional envy and schadenfreude (Studies 1–2), as well as to all cognitive‐affective components of envy (Study 2). Furthermore, it facilitated envy and schadenfreude toward a high‐status peer (Study 3). Grandiose narcissism was slightly negatively related to dispositional envy (Studies 1–2), and it did not predict informant reports of envy or cognitive‐affective components of the emotion (Study 2). Finally, it did not exacerbate envy, hostility, or resentment toward a high‐status peer (Study 3). The results suggest envy is a central emotion in the lives of those with narcissistic vulnerability and imply that envy should be reconsidered as a symptom accompanying grandiose features in the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
Insufficient sleep is linked to increased stress and suboptimal self-control; however, no studies have examined stress as a reason for why sleep affects self-control. Moreover, it is unknown if there ...are individual differences that make people vulnerable to this dynamic. Daily diary entries from 212 university students across 30 days were used in a multilevel path model examining if stress explained how prior night sleep affected next-day self-control difficulties and exploring if individual differences in sleep duration, stress, or self-control qualified this effect. Increased stress partially mediated of the effect of reduced sleep duration on increased next-day self-control difficulty. Moreover, short sleep increased next-day stress more for individuals with higher typical stress. Daytime stress especially amplified self-control difficulty for individuals with shorter typical sleep duration. Findings implicate stress as a substantial factor in how sleep loss undermines self-control and identify individuals particularly susceptible to this effect.
Testimonial evidence in the form of verbal accounts by victims, witnesses, and suspects plays a critical role in investigations and judicial proceedings, often serving as the only evidence during a ...trial. The psychological nature of testimonies causes this form of evidence to be inherently limited, motivating psycho-legal scholars to identify both risk factors and solutions necessary to improve its reliability. To this end, the current perspective argues that sleep-related fatigue is a formative factor that influences the fidelity of statements and confessions provided during legal interactions. Specifically, it considers the prevalence of sleep disruption among subjects interacting with the criminal justice system, its likely impact on memory of victims and witnesses, and the role of sleep deprivation in confessions. In view of legal doctrines relevant to both evidentiary and constitutional considerations, this analysis is meant to motivate future work at the intersection of sleep-related fatigue and legal processes.
Investigative interviews (e.g., interrogations) are a critical component of criminal, military, and civil investigations. However, how levels of alertness (vs. sleepiness) of the interviewer impact ...outcomes of actual interviews is unknown. To this end, the current study tracked daily fluctuations in alertness among professional criminal investigators to predict their daily experiences with actual field interviews. Fifty law-enforcement investigators wore a sleep-activity tracker for two weeks while keeping a daily-diary of investigative interviews conducted in the field. For each interview, the investigators indicated how well they established rapport with the subject, how much resistance they encountered, how well they maintained their own focus and composure, and the overall utility of intelligence obtained. Daily alertness was biomathematically modeled from actigraphic sleep duration and continuity estimates and used to predict interview characteristics. Investigators consistently reported more difficulties maintaining their focus and composure as well as encountering more subject resistance during interviews on days with lower alertness. Better interview outcomes were also reported on days with subjectively better sleep, while findings were generally robust to inclusion of covariates. The findings implicate adequate sleep as a modifiable fitness factor for collectors of human intelligence.
Having insight into one's abilities is essential, yet it remains unclear whether people generally perceive their skills accurately or inaccurately. In the present analysis, we examined the overall ...correspondence between self-evaluations of ability (e.g., academic ability, intelligence, language competence, medical skills, sports ability, and vocational skills) and objective performance measures (e.g., standardized test scores, grades, and supervisor evaluations) across 22 meta-analyses, in addition to considering factors that moderate this relationship. Although individual meta-analytic effects ranged from .09 to .63, the mean correlation between ability self-evaluations and performance outcomes across meta-analyses was moderate (M = .29, SD = .11). Further, the relation was stronger when self-evaluations were specific to a given domain rather than broad and when performance tasks were objective, familiar, or low in complexity. Taken together, these findings indicate that people have only moderate insight into their abilities but also underscore the contextual factors that enable accurate self-perception of ability.
A meta-analysis of the empirical literature was conducted to examine the strength of empirical associations between explicit (questionnaire) measures of self-esteem and one of the most frequently ...used implicit self-esteem measures – the Name-Letter Test (
Nuttin, 1985). Results indicated that the NLT was consistently, albeit weakly, related to explicit self-esteem measures. Also, increasing the accessibility of explicit self-esteem (by administering the questionnaire measure prior to the implicit measure) increased the magnitude of association. Discussion centers on the role of psychometric factors in dissociations between explicit and implicit self-esteem measures. Implications for measurement and conceptualization of self-esteem also are discussed.
Despite extensive ties between sleep disruption, anger, and aggression, it is unclear whether sleep loss plays a causal role in shaping anger. On one hand, negative affect and distress frequently ...follow curtailed sleep, suggesting increased anger responses. On the other hand, fatigue and withdrawal also follow, potentially muting anger. To examine these competing possibilities, 142 community residents were randomly assigned to either maintain or restrict their sleep over 2 days. Before and after, these participants rated their anger and affect throughout a product-rating task alongside aversive noise. Sleep restriction universally intensified anger, reversing adaptation trends in which anger diminished with repeated exposure to noise. Negative affect followed similar patterns, and subjective sleepiness mediated most of the experimental effects on anger. These findings highlight important consequences of everyday sleep loss on anger and implicate sleepiness in dysregulation of anger and hedonic adaptation.
Abstract
Introduction
Getting a good night’s sleep is critical to several aspects of daily functioning and health, but many choices may hinder an individual’s onset of sleep. The impact of negative ...emotion on subsequent sleep has received limited attention and causal claims require strong experimental methodology. One contributor to delayed sleep onset may be rumination, as ruminating individuals’ may negative emotions may persevere longer. The current study aimed to examine the impact of emotions on sleep immediately after experiencing an emotionally disturbing video and the role of individual differences, specifically rumination tendencies.
Methods
Using a within-subjects, at-home design, participants (N=149) encountered two nights of control videos and two nights of emotionally distressing videos immediately before their normal sleep time. Rumination tendencies were measured at baseline using the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire by Trapnell and Campbell. Mood and negative affect were recorded before and after watching the videos and their subsequent sleep was recorded using actigraphy. Participants self-reported sleep-onset latency (SOL) in minutes.
Results
The manipulation was effective at inducing negative emotions including anger (d = 0.596, p< 0.001), disgust (d = 1.513, p< 0.001), and fear (d = 1.058, p< 0.001). A paired samples t-test showed no meaningful differences on self-reported SOL between control and experimental nights (p=.596). While control nights did have a slightly higher average SOL than experimental, the averages differed by 1.1 minutes. Preliminary analysis revealed no significant correlations of rumination on experimental or control SOL, with rumination correlated to overall SOL 0.05.
Conclusion
Despite effective induction of pre-sleep negative affect, preliminary analyses showed there were no substantive differences between control and experimental conditions in participants’ self-reported SOL (despite adequate statistical power), although the reports may be inaccurate due to self-report biases. Future analyses of actigraphic data will evaluate more objective aspects of sleep and roles of other individual differences.
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