A guest on a cruise ship must be disembarked during the voyage due to a probable malignant pleural effusion recurring after puncture and draining part of the fluid. As in this case, patients are ...often advised by their general practitioners or specialists to take part in an already planned cruise, although complications of existing underlying diseases cannot always be well treated in the on-board hospital. The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in the on-board hospital are clearly limited in many aspects compared to hospitals ashore and disembarkation is not desirable everywhere.
Over the last decade positron emission tomography (PET) has been used extensively for the study of language and other cognitive and sensorimotor processes in healthy and diseased individuals. In the ...present study, 15OH2O PET scanning was used to investigate the lateralization and functional distribution of cortical and subcortical activity involved in single word reading in stuttering and nonstuttering individuals. Ten right-handed male stuttering adults and matched nonstuttering individuals were instructed to read individually presented single words either silently or out loud. Subtraction of functional brain images obtained during each of the two reading tasks, and during a non-linguistic baseline task, was used to calculate within-group and between-group differences in regional cerebral blood flow by means of statistical parametric mapping. Increased activation in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was observed during silent reading in the stuttering speakers but not in the nonstuttering group. Because of the hypothesized role of the ACC in selective attention and covert articulatory practice, it is suggested that the observed increased ACC activation in the stuttering individuals reflects the presence of cognitive anticipatory reactions related to stuttering. During the oral reading task, within-group comparisons showed bilateral cortical and subcortical activation in both the stuttering and the nonstuttering speakers. Between-group comparisons showed a proportionally greater left hemisphere activation in the nonstuttering speakers, and a proportionally greater right hemisphere activation in the stuttering individuals. The results of the present study provide qualified support for the hypothesis that stuttering adults show atypical lateralization of language processes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•Analysis of pyrolysis liquids of a brown coal by fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS).•Assignment of molecular formulas revealed mainly oxygen containing ...species.•The formation or decomposition of certain compound classes upon temperature changes was investigated.•Identification of temperature dependent behavior of certain compound classes can be revealed by looking at individual ions.
Pyrolysis liquids from the slow pyrolysis of a german brown coal obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures were analyzed by electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) in negative ion mode. Singly charged ions in the range from m/z=200 to 700 were observed. Assignment of molecular formulas revealed mainly oxygen containing species, which are most probably acidic compounds ionized during ESI in negative ion mode. Compounds detected were of type Oo, OoS1, OoS2 and OoN1 with oxygen numbers o=1…12 depending on the specific class. The formation or decomposition of certain compound classes upon temperature changes was investigated. It could be shown that summation of observed compound class frequencies in terms of number or intensities is not suitable to identify trends. Identification of temperature dependent behavior of certain compound classes can only be revealed by looking at individual ions, which is exemplified for carboxylic acids.
Summary
Linear regression methods try to determine the best linear relationship between data points while correlation coefficients assess the association (as opposed to agreement) between the two ...methods. Linear regression and correlation play an important part in the interpretation of quantitative method comparison studies. Their major strength is that they are widely known and as a result both are employed in the vast majority of method comparison studies. While previously performed by hand, the availability of statistical packages means that regression analysis is usually performed by software packages including MS Excel, with or without the software programe Analyze‐it as well as by other software packages. Such techniques need to be employed in a way that compares the agreement between the two methods examined and more importantly, because we are dealing with individual patients, whether the degree of agreement is clinically acceptable. Despite their use for many years, there is a lot of ignorance about the validity as well as the pros and cons of linear regression and correlation techniques. This review article describes the types of linear regression and regression (parametric and non‐parametric methods) and the necessary general and specific requirements. The selection of the type of regression depends on where one has been trained, the tradition of the laboratory and the availability of adequate software.
This paper describes the epidemiology and family history status of 1601 children with retinoblastoma in Great Britain diagnosed 1963-2002 and summarises the practical consequences for diagnosis and ...counselling of developments in molecular genetics.
Incidence rates were analysed according to year of diagnosis and tumour laterality. Cases were classified as heritable or non-heritable on the basis of laterality and family history of the disease.
There were 998 unilateral cases, 581 bilateral and 22 of unknown laterality. Bilateral cases tended to be diagnosed at a younger age than unilateral. All bilateral cases are regarded as heritable, and 35% had a family history of the disease. 7% of the unilateral cases had a family history and are therefore heritable. Thus, at least (41%) of our cases are heritable. This is an underestimate, since these data on family history are incomplete. For unilateral cases aged below 1 year, the reported incidence rate increased significantly (p<0.0001) by about 2.5% per year; for the age group 1-4 years, the average increase was about 0.5% per year (not significant).
Crosslinked polymer formation commonly occurs when two or more multi-functional precursors react to form a three-dimensional network. The resulting networks may contain a significant number of ...topological imperfections such as loops or dangling ends when formed using crosslinkers with high functionality or when crosslinking at high temperatures. We employ molecular dynamics simulations to analyze these topological imperfections in coarse-grained networks generated from precursors consisting of ‘chain extenders’ composed of two beads (dimers) and a crosslinker of functionality f = 3 or 6 for a wide range of crosslinking temperatures and final conversions. It is shown that these imperfections result in networks in which the number of elastically active chains, the cycle rank and the number of elastically active junctions is smaller than predicted by the Miller–Macosko theory. Such defects must adversely affect the mechanical properties, resistance to solvent swelling and, possibly, the long-term protective properties of polymer networks.
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•Crosslinked polymer formation studied using coarse-grained molecular dynamics.•Network loops reduce crosslink density and cycle rank as much as 40%.•High functionality and rapid crosslinking increases number of topological imperfections.•Quantification by comparison to Miller–Macosko theory.
Abstract CXCR3 deficient (CXCR3−/− ) mice are resistant to ocular HSV-1 infection in that less mice develop encephalitis and succumb to infection in comparison to wild type (WT) animals. A region of ...the brain previously identified to be crucial for development of encephalitis was evaluated in HSV-1-infected CXCR3−/− and WT mice. In this region, known as the ependyma, viral titer, infiltrating leukocyte populations, and key anti-viral cytokine message levels were evaluated. We found that CXCR3−/− mice possessed significantly less HSV-1 and expressed significantly more IFN-β mRNA in the brain ependyma compared to WT animals during the development of encephalitis.
Retinoblastoma occurs in both a heritable and a non-heritable form. In the heritable form, there is a predisposition to the development of non-ocular tumours.
To identify the types of non-ocular ...tumour occurring in retinoblastoma survivors and to produce estimates of risk for these tumours.
We carried out a cohort study that included 1927 cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed in Great Britain between 1951 and 2004. Cases were ascertained through the National Registry of Childhood Tumours and followed up for the occurrence of non-ocular tumours using the routine notification system based on the National Health Service Central Registers in Britain.
Of the 1927 cases, 809 were known to have the heritable form of the disease and 1118 assumed to have the non-heritable form. 102 of the heritable and 13 of those classified as non-heritable developed a non-ocular tumour. The cumulative risk of developing such a tumour 50 years after retinoblastoma diagnosis was 48.3% (95% confidence interval: 38.1 to 59.7%) in the heritable and 4.9% (1.9 to 12.4%) in the non-heritable cases. The main categories of non-ocular tumours observed in the heritable cases were soft-tissue sarcomas (36 of which 21 were leiomyosarcoma), osteosarcoma (32), carcinoma (13), brain and central nervous system tumours (10), melanoma (9), leukaemia (4) and others (4). There were a total of 108 non-ocular tumours in 102 cases.
There is a high risk of non-ocular tumours occurring in survivors of heritable retinoblastoma. These results have important implications for the clinical follow-up and counselling of survivors.
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