Abstract
The article is an analysis of: 1) the Kiev operation from late April and early May 1920, 2) Tukhachevsky’s first offensive in May 1920, 3) Tukhachevsky’s second offensive launched in July ...1920. All the three operations were attempts at undertaking strategic and operational initiative during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920. The first offensive pertained to the Polish army, in the subsequent two cases it was the Soviet Western Front. Tukhachevsky’s second offensive resulted in the battle of the Bug in late July and early August 1920. By discussing each of the operations, the author presents the fighting potential of the armies involved, the tactical and operational goals, the course of the fighting, the turning points, both parties’ planning mistakes and the consequences of the operations.
The article discusses the problems associated with combat stress in the context of counter-insurgency US-led Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. The author analyzes how this phenomenon was ...defined historically as well as during the above-mentioned conflict; he tries to define how it could have shaped the behavior of the soldier on the battlefield, what precautions were undertaken to counteract it and what were the consequences of long-term stress on the soldiers. The author of the article mentions the main factors which generated combat stress and presents the role of leaders in stress management. Following the theoretical part of the article, the author shows the environment of combat stress on an example of a concrete combat situation and an effective reaction and conduct of the leader-commander in this situation. American field manuals and literature relating to military medicine – psychiatry, as well as materials published by the US military and government institutions, have been used as source materials for the above publication.
The last episode of the Battle of Verdun took place in December 1916. At that time, the French army, having a considerable advantage in this section of the front, conducted a daring offensive. Four ...French divisions were opposed by five German divisions, including the 10th Infantry Division from the Province of Posen. The French side threw elite colonial divisions into the fray, who conducted daring strikes and managed to recapture ground that was lost in the previous months. This area included sites that have grown to become symbols and legends of the Battle of Verdun – the Fort de Douaumont and the village of Douaumont.
The article discusses the problems associated with combat stress in the context of counter-insurgency US-led Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. The author analyzes how this phenomenon was ...defined historically as well as during the above-mentioned conflict; he tries to define how it could have shaped the behavior of the soldier on the battlefield, what precautions were undertaken to counteract it and what were the consequences of long-term stress on the soldiers. The author of the article mentions the main factors which generated combat stress and presents the role of leaders in stress management. Following the theoretical part of the article, the author shows the environment of combat stress on an example of a concrete combat situation and an effective reaction and conduct of the leader-commander in this situation. American field manuals and literature relating to military medicine - psychiatry, as well as materials published by the US military and government institutions, have been used as source materials for the above publication.
Water and energy are the main natural resources, and their rational use is the basis for sustainable development. Therefore, the energy efficiency of water supply networks is one of the priorities ...for the management system of water utilities. Many methods and indicators can be used to assess the energy efficiency of water distribution networks (WDNs), and their choice should be adapted to the characteristics of a WDN. This paper presents an energy audit of WDNs that are supplied from five reservoirs located above the supply area, to which water is supplied from four underground and surface water intakes. In the analysis of the system operation, a hydrodynamic computer model of the water distribution network was used to estimate the operating parameters that are necessary to determine the energy efficiency indicators. A new method for calibrating the emitter coefficient used for water loss modeling is also proposed. The conducted audit showed that more than 70% of the energy supplied to the WDS was “lost”, mainly due to friction (37%) and water losses (27%). Thanks to hydraulic modeling, it was possible to indicate that 34% of the energy lost in the system was related to the use of pressure-reducing valves (PRV), and that only 3% was directly related to friction. In turn, the majority of leaks are attributed to service connections (17.4% vs. 8.8% in the water distribution network).
HIV-1 env sequencing enables predictions of viral coreceptor tropism and phylogenetic investigations of transmission events. The aim of the study was to estimate the contribution of non-R5 strains to ...the viral spread in Poland. Partial proviral env sequences were retrieved from baseline blood samples of patients with newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection between 2008-2014, including 46 patients with recent HIV-1 infection (RHI), and 246 individuals with long-term infection (LTHI). These sequences were subjected to the genotypic coreceptor tropism predictions and phylogenetic analyses to identify transmission clusters. Overall, 27 clusters with 57 sequences (19.5%) were detected, including 15 sequences (26.3%) from patients with RHI. The proportion of non-R5 strains among all study participants was 23.3% (68/292), and was comparable between patients with RHI and LTHI (11/46, 23.9% vs 57/246, 23.2%; p = 1.000). All 11 patients with non-R5 strains and RHI were men having sex with men (MSM). Among these patients, 4 had viral sequences grouped within phylogenetic cluster with another sequence of non-R5 strain obtained from patient with LTHI, indicating potential acquisition of non-R5 HIV-1 for at least 4/46 (8.7%) patients with RHI. We were unable to confirm the contribution of patients with RHI to the forward transmission of non-R5 strains, but a relatively high proportion of non-R5 strains among them deserves attention due to the limited susceptibility to CCR5 antagonists.
BACKGROUND Monitoring of drug resistance-related mutations among patients with recent HIV-1 infection offers an opportunity to describe current patterns of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) ...mutations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Of 298 individuals newly diagnosed from March 2008 to February 2014 in southern Poland, 47 were deemed to have recent HIV-1 infection by the limiting antigen avidity immunoassay. Proviral DNA was amplified and sequenced in the reverse transcriptase, protease, and gp41 coding regions. Mutations were interpreted according to the Stanford Database algorithm and/or the International Antiviral Society USA guidelines. TDR mutations were defined according to the WHO surveillance list. RESULTS Among 47 patients with recent HIV-1 infection only 1 (2%) had evidence of TDR mutation. No major resistance mutations were found, but the frequency of strains with ≥1 accessory resistance-associated mutations was high, at 98%. Accessory mutations were present in 11% of reverse transcriptase, 96% of protease, and 27% of gp41 sequences. Mean number of accessory resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease sequences was higher in viruses with no compensatory mutations in the gp41 HR2 domain than in strains with such mutations (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS Despite the low prevalence of strains with TDR mutations, the frequency of accessory mutations was considerable, which may reflect the history of drug pressure among transmitters or natural viral genetic diversity, and may be relevant for future clinical outcomes. The accumulation of the accessory resistance mutations within the pol gene may restrict the occurrence of compensatory mutations related to enfuvirtide resistance or vice versa.
PDF
