The lignicolous saprotrophic genus Entonaema contains six formally accepted species: E. liquescens (type species), E. cinnabarinum, E. globosum, E. dengii, E. moluccanum, and E. siamensis. Its ...stromatic ascomata develop on the surface of dead wood remnants; they are rather large, globose to irregularly shaped, and vividly coloured. The fresh stroma interior is filled with a liquid matter. In early studies, the genus was considered to have a preference for tropical habitats, while in more recent field research, numerous collections have been added from warm, temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. Our taxonomic and phylogenetic studies were based on freshly collected E. cinnabarinum from Croatia and E. liquescens from the USA. A phylogenetic study of the sequence alignment of four concatenated gene regions (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and β-tub) revealed the true taxonomic position of Entonaema within Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales), a sister to Hypoxylon carneum. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of E. cinnabarinum are accompanied by drawings and colour photographs, while the study of E. liquescens is focused on stromatal microchemical reaction. With new information, the worldwide identification key to the putative species of Entonaema is proposed. Ecological data and biogeographical patterns were studied using all available and reliable sources of recorded data. Climatic preferences of the two most widespread Entonaema species, E. liquescens and E. cinnabarinum, are discussed in detail.
Seventeen collections of the genus Parasola from Croatia were studied with integrative taxonomic methods. Parasola papillatospora is described as a new species, based on morphology and multigene ...phylogenetic analyses. Its basidiomata were growing on soil in temperate deciduous forests (Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, and Carpinus betulus) on two different localities in NW Croatia. Based on publicly available molecular data, the species is also recorded in Hungary. The most distinctive morphological features of the new species are the characteristics of its basidiospores, (1) the papillate apex and (2) central germ pore (both present in most spores), as well as (3) a highly variable shape. A morphological description of P. papillatospora is accompanied by colour photographs of basidiomata, basidiospores, and cystidia. In this study, a total of 64 DNA sequences from 17 specimens belonging to 10 Parasola species were newly generated. As a result of Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated ITS, LSU, tef-1α, and β-tub gene alignment of Parasola species, P. papillatospora was resolved as an independent clade, a sister to the clade comprising the P. plicatilis species complex. Eight Parasola species (P. auricoma, P. crataegi, P. cuniculorum, P. kuehneri, P. malakandensis, P. megasperma, P. nudiceps, P. plicatilis-similis) are reported for the first time for Croatia and P. malakandensis also for Europe. Colour photographs of basidiomata are provided for all Parasola species new to Croatia except P. kuehneri.
(
) is distinguished by small to large, vividly-coloured sessile to stipitate apothecia, plurinucleate and pigmented paraphyses, operculate asci with thick walls, and plurinucleate, uniguttulate to ...multiguttulate ascospores with smooth walls or ornamentations. We collected more than 40
specimens from dead twigs or wood. Based on morphology and phylogeny, these species belong to
,
,
,
, and
. Among these, we introduce three new species-
,
, and
. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, SSU,
, and
gene regions indicate the relationships of these species within
. Meanwhile, we propose
as a synonym of
. One new record of
is reported from Thailand.
Two genera (Chamaemyces and Hydropus) and 20 species of fungi were recorded for the first time for the Montenegrin funga (mycobiota), comprising 27 records from seven municipalities. Basic ...geographical and ecological data are given for all the records. Each species is shown with a photograph of the basidiomata in the field and is briefly annotated.
Integrative taxonomic studies of macrofungal diversity in the Brijuni National Park (Istria County, Croatia) led to the discovery of a second species of Inocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) new to ...science. Inocybe istriaca sp. nov. is described on the basis of morphological, ecological, and multigene phylogenetic analyses, and its placement within the family Inocybaceae is discussed. The combination of most important morphological characters that distinguish I. istriaca from the other similar Inocybe species are smooth, (sub)amygdaliform, (sub)phaseoliform, or ellipsoid basidiospores (ca. 8.5–12 × 5–7 μm), large basidia (36–45 × 9–15 μm), mostly (sub)fusiform and weakly thick-walled (up to 1.5 μm) metuloid pleurocystidia, and lamellar edge and stipe apex partially covered by a dark resinous substance. The species was collected on the edge of grassland and Mediterranean evergreen holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest. In this study, a total of 14 DNA sequences from four Inocybe species were generated. Two-gene (ITS, LSU) and four-gene (ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses confirmed the status of I. istriaca as an independent species.
A new ectomycorrhizal species was discovered during the first survey of fungal diversity at Brijuni National Park (Croatia), which consists of 14 islands and islets. The National Park is located in ...the Mediterranean Biogeographical Region, a prominent climate change hot-spot.
sp. nov., from sect.
(Agaricales, Inocybaceae), is described based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic data. The holotype collection was found at the edge between grassland and
forest with a few planted
trees, on Veli Brijun Island, the largest island of the archipelago. It is easily recognized by a conspicuous orange to orange-red-brown membranaceous surface layer located at or just above the basal part of the stipe. Other distinctive features of
are the medium brown, radially fibrillose to rimose pileus; pale to medium brown stipe with fugacious cortina; relatively small, amygdaliform to phaseoliform, and smooth basidiospores, measuring ca. 6.5-9 × 4-5.5 µm; thick-walled, utriform, lageniform or fusiform pleurocystidia (lamprocystidia) with crystals and mostly not yellowing in alkaline solutions; cheilocystidia of two types (lamprocystidia and leptocystidia); and the presence of abundant caulocystidia only in the upper 2-3 mm of the stipe. Phylogenetic reconstruction of a concatenated dataset of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the nuclear 28S rRNA gene (nrLSU), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
) resolved
and
as sister species.
Closed cleistothecia-like ascomata have repeatedly evolved in non-related perithecioid and apothecioid lineages of lichenized and non-lichenized
. The evolution of a closed, darkly pigmented ascoma ...that protects asci and ascospores is conceived as either an adaptation to harsh environmental conditions or a specialized dispersal strategy. Species with closed ascomata have mostly lost sterile hymenial elements (paraphyses) and the capacity to actively discharge ascospores. The class
, one of the most speciose classes of
, is mainly apothecioid, paraphysate, and possesses active ascospore discharge. Lineages with closed ascomata, and their morphological variants, have evolved independently in several families, such as
,
,
, etc.
is a distinctive order in the
class. It has two widespread families (
,
) with mostly closed ascomata, evanescent asci, and thus passively dispersed ascospores. Within the order, closed ascomata dominate and a great diversity of peridia have evolved as adaptations to different dispersal strategies. The type genus,
, is an exceptional case of ascomatal evolution within the order. Its species are the most diverse in functional traits, encompassing species with closed ascomata and evanescent asci, and species with open ascomata, active ascospore discharge, and paraphyses. Open ascomata were previously suggested as the ancestral state in the genus, these ascomata depend on mammals and birds as dispersal agents. In this scheme, species with closed ascomata, a lack of paraphyses, and passive ascospore discharge exhibit derived traits that evolved in adaptation to cold ecosystems. Here, we used morphological and phylogenetic methods, as well as the reconstruction of ancestral traits for ascomatal type, asci dehiscence, the presence or absence of paraphyses, and ascospore features to explore evolution within
. We demonstrate the apothecial ancestry in
and propose a new hypothesis about the evolution of the open ascomata in
, involving a process of re-evolution where the active dispersal of ascospores appears independently twice within the order. We propose a new family,
, within
, that retains the phenotypic features exhibited by species of
, i.e., pigmented capitate paraphyses and active asci discharge with an opening limitation ring.
As a result of the first research on macrofungi on peat moss habitats in Montenegro, three species new to the Montenegrin mycobiota are presented and described: Entoloma conferendum, Hygrocybe ...coccineocrenata, and Hypholoma ericaeum. The descriptions are accompanied
by photographs of the basidiomata on site and some microscopic characters. Additionally, the second Montenegrin record of Bovista paludosa is presented and described, for the first time with locality and habitat data. Species identifications were checked by comparing ITS rDNA sequences
from samples with the sequences in GenBank.
In a mycological research performed in the Sjeverni Velebit National Park, Croatia, a new species of Coprotus was discovered, described here as C. epithecioides . Along with the microscopic ...examination, phylogenetic analysis of the type material, based on ITS and LSU sequences, was performed in order to evaluate its relationship with the type species, C. sexdecimsporus . The type species was sequenced in this study for the first time, providing ITS and LSU sequences from two separate collections which displayed differences in macroscopic characters and content of paraphyses. An extended description of C. sexdecimsporus based on Croatian material is also provided. A worldwide identification key to the species assigned to the genus Coprotus is presented, along with a species overview, containing a data matrix. The phylogenetic position of Coprotus in the Boubovia-Coprotus clade within Pyronemataceae s.l. is discussed. Coprotus sexdecimsporus is also reported here as new to the Croatian mycobiota.
This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy, based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of ...morphology, anatomy, and strain culture, combined with DNA sequence analyses. 110 taxa are described and illustrated, including five new genera, 92 new species, eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions (one new sequenced species, one new host and three new records) which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes. The new genera are
Amyloceraceomyces
,
Catenuliconidia
,
Hansenopezia
,
Ionopezia
and
Magnopulchromyces
. The new species are
Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus
,
Amylocorticium ellipsosporum
,
Arthrinium sorghi
,
Catenuliconidia uniseptata
,
Clavulina sphaeropedunculata
,
Colletotrichum parthenocissicola
,
Coniothyrium triseptatum
,
Cortinarius indorusseus
,
C. paurigarhwalensis
,
C. sinensis
,
C. subsanguineus
,
C. xiaojinensis
,
Diaporthe pimpinellae
,
Dictyosporella guizhouensis
,
Diplodia torilicola
,
Fuscoporia marquesiana
,
F. semiarida
,
Hansenopezia decora
,
Helicoarctatus thailandicus
,
Hirsutella hongheensis
,
Humidicutis brunneovinacea
,
Lentaria gossypina
,
L. variabilis
,
Lycoperdon lahorense
,
L. pseudocurtisii
,
Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus
,
Moelleriella gracilispora
,
Neodevriesia manglicola
,
Neodidymelliopsis salvia
,
N. urticae
,
Neoroussoella magnoliae
,
Neottiella gigaspora
,
Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis
,
Phaeotremella yunnanensis
,
Podosphaera yulii
,
Rigidoporus juniperinus
,
Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei
,
Russula benghalensis
,
Scleroramularia vermispora
,
Scytinopogon minisporus
,
Sporormurispora paulsenii
,
Thaxteriellopsis obliqus
,
Tomentella asiae-orientalis
,
T. atrobadia
,
T. atrocastanea
,
T. aureomarginata
,
T. brevis
,
T. brunneoflava
,
T. brunneogrisea
,
T. capitatocystidiata
,
T. changbaiensis
,
T. citrinocystidiata
,
T. coffeae
,
T. conclusa
,
T. cystidiata
,
T. dimidiata
,
T. duplexa
,
T. efibulata
,
T. efibulis
,
T. farinosa
,
T. flavidobadia
,
T. fuscocrustosa
,
T. fuscofarinosa
,
T. fuscogranulosa
,
T. fuscopelliculosa
,
T. globospora
,
T. gloeocystidiata
,
T. griseocastanea
,
T. griseofusca
,
T. griseomarginata
,
T. inconspicua, T. incrustata
,
T. interrupta
,
T. liaoningensis
,
T. longiaculeifera
,
T. longiechinuli
,
T. megaspora
,
T. olivacea
,
T. olivaceobrunnea
,
T. pallidobrunnea
,
T. pallidomarginata
,
T. parvispora
,
T. pertenuis
,
T. qingyuanensis
,
T. segregata
,
T. separata
,
T. stipitata
,
T. storea
,
Trichoderma ceratophylletum
,
Tyromyces minutulus
,
Umbelopsis heterosporus
and
Xylolentia reniformis
. The new combinations are
Antrodiella descendena
,
Chloridium macrocladum
,
Hansenopezia retrocurvata
,
Rhodofomitopsis monomitica
,
Rh. oleracea
,
Fuscoporia licnoides
,
F. scruposa
and
Ionopezia gerardii
. A new sequenced species (
Graphis supracola
), one new host (
Aplosporella prunicola
) and three new geographical records (
Golovinomyces monardae
,
Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum
and
Prosthemium betulinum
), are reported.
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