The case of recovery from itai‐itai disease is exceptional because the injured party won the lawsuit and accepted the apology from the company that caused the damage. It took 40 years for ...conciliation to be established after the lawsuit was won. Involving lawyers, researchers, reporters, municipalities, and supporters, they realized what they promised at the lawsuit. The contents of the promise included regarding medical compensation, environmental rehabilitation, development as an agricultural town, and restraining the recurrence of pollution. All stakeholders, especially the victim and the perpetrator have made efforts toward realization of the promise. As a result, a trusting relationship, albeit with tension, has been established between them. They are entering a new phase to determine how to share their experiences with others.
The case area of the recovery from itai‐itai disease is exceptional because the injured party won the lawsuit and accepted the apology from the company who caused the damage. It took 40 years between the winning lawsuit and the conciliation, namely to achieve a kind of recovery. As a result, the trusting relationship with tension has established between the victim and the perpetrator.
CLOUDY View of the Warm Corona Panda, Swayamtrupta; Czerny, Bo ena; Done, Chris ...
The Astrophysical journal,
04/2019, Letnik:
875, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bright active galaxies show a range of properties, but many of these properties are correlated, which has led to the concept of the quasar main sequence. We test whether our current understanding of ...the quasar structure allows the pattern observed in the optical plane formed by the kinematic line width of Hβ and the relative importance of the Fe ii optical emission to be reproduced. We performed simulations of the Hβ and Fe ii production using the code CLOUDY and well-justified assumptions about the broadband spectra, distance to the emission line region, and the cloud properties. We show that the presence of the warm corona is an important element of the broadband spectrum, which decreases the dependence of the relative Fe ii emissivity on the Eddington ratio and allows the rare cases of particularly strong Fe ii emitters to be reproduced. Results are sensitive to the adopted cloud distance, and strong Fe ii emission can be obtained either by adopting strongly supersolar metallicity or a much shorter distance than traditionally obtained from reverberation mapping. We modeled in a similar way the UV plane defined by the Mg ii line and Fe ii UV pseudo-continuum, but here our approach is less successful, in general overproducing the Fe ii strength. We found that the Fe ii optical and UV emissivity depend in a different way on the turbulent velocity and metallicity, and the best extension of the model in order to cover both planes is to allow very large turbulent velocities in the broad-line region clouds.
Abstract
While urban reconstruction projects and land use regulations were implemented in each area affected by the tsunami following the Great East Japan Earthquake, concerns were raised regarding ...the impact of these projects and regulations on the industry sector. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between business recovery and post‐disaster urban planning, such as urban reconstruction projects and disaster risk area designations. We developed chronological panel data of establishment units before and after the disaster using individual data from Economic Census, inundation range data, urban reconstruction project zone data, and disaster risk area data. Cross‐tabulation tables and independence tests were conducted using the panel data. The results indicate that for establishments inundated to a depth of at least 1 m located outside the disaster risk area, the survival rate was significantly lower for those inside the urban reconstruction project area. For establishments outside the urban reconstruction project area, the survival rate was significantly lower for those inside the disaster risk area, for both nonflooded and flooded depths of at least 1 m. The results revealed that besides inundation damage, industry sectors, and numbers of employees, urban reconstruction project implementation and disaster risk area designation were some factors impeding survival.
The Fukushima disaster led to a decline in the wellbeing of those affected. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the relationship between evacuee status and wellbeing and investigated the ...possible variables associated with wellbeing. In January 2018, we randomly distributed questionnaires to 2000 people between the ages of 20 and 79 who lived in municipalities where evacuation orders had been lifted. The total number of participants was 680. Five types of wellbeing were measured: positive emotion, negative-free emotion, life satisfaction and general happiness, positive characteristics, and positive functioning. Irrespective of the five types, people who had already returned to their hometown reported a greater sense of wellbeing than did those who did not know whether to return. Psychological distress was negatively associated with all types of wellbeing among evacuees, whereas no significant association between psychological distress and wellbeing, except for positive functioning, was observed in people who had already returned. Among those who intend to return, the presence of an unemployed member of the household led to lower “life satisfaction and general happiness” and “positive characteristics.” By contrast, a history of hypertension was negatively associated with five types of wellbeing in those who had already returned, possibly reflecting the decreased quality of medical facilities in the respondents' hometowns. To promote wellbeing among the affected people, planning regarding the lifting of evacuation orders should be promptly implemented to support the affected people's decisions regarding whether to return. Furthermore, different policy strategies for evacuees and returnees would be welcome.
•This study assesses subjective and psychological wellbeing after a nuclear disaster.•Delayed decision on whether to return hometown can reduce wellbeing.•Factors associated with wellbeing differed between evacuees and returnees.•Mitigation of psychological distress is crucial for evacuees.•Medical services and employment assistance are key requirements of returnees.
ABSTRACT
We develop a broad-band spectral model, agnslim, to describe super-Eddington black hole accretion disc spectra. This is based on the slim disc emissivity, where radial advection keeps the ...surface luminosity at the local Eddington limit, resulting in L(r) ∝ r−2 rather than the r−3 expected from the Novikov-Thorne (standard, sub-Eddington) disc emissivity. Wind losses should also be important but these are expected to produce a similar radiative emissivity. We assume that the flow is radially stratified, with an outer standard disc, an inner hot Comptonizing region and an intermediate warm Comptonizing region to produce the soft X-ray excess. This gives the model enough flexibility to fit the observed data, but with the additional requirement of energy conservation to give physical constraints. We use this to fit the broad-band spectrum of one of the most extreme Active Galactic Nuclei, the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 RX J0439.6−5311, which has a black hole mass of $(6\sim 9)\times 10^6\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ as derived from the H β line width. This cannot be fit with the standard disc emissivity at this mass, as even zero spin models overproduce the observed luminosity. Instead, we show that the spectrum is well reproduced by the slim disc model, giving mass accretion rates around (5 ∼ 10) × Eddington limit. There is no constraint on black hole spin as the efficiency is reduced by advection. Such extreme accretion rates should be characteristic of the first Quasars, and we demonstrate this by fitting to the spectrum of a recently discovered super-Eddington Quasar, PSO J006 + 39, at z = 6.6.
The X-Ray Observatory Suzaku Mitsuda, Kazuhisa; Inoue, Hajime; Kelley, Richard L ...
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan,
01/2007, Letnik:
59, Številka:
sp1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
High-sensitivity wide-band X-ray spectroscopy is the key feature of the Suzaku X-ray observatory, launched on 2005 July 10. This paper summarizes the spacecraft, in-orbit performance, operations, and ...data processing that are related to observations. The scientific instruments, the high-throughput X-ray telescopes, X-ray CCD cameras, non-imaging hard X-ray detector are also described.
Abstract
We report on the X-ray spectral analysis and time evolution of GRS 1739−278 during its 2014 outburst, based on MAXI/GSC and Swift/XRT observations. Over the course of the outburst, a ...transition from the low/hard state to the high/soft state and then back to the low/hard state was seen. During the high/soft state, the innermost disk temperature mildly decreased, while the innermost radius estimated with the multi-color disk model remained constant at ∼18 (D/8.5 kpc)(cos i/cos 30°)−1/2 km, where D is the source distance and i is the inclination of observation. This small innermost radius of the accretion disk suggests that the central object is more likely to be a Kerr black hole rather than a Schwardzschild black hole. Applying a relativistic disk emission model to the high/soft state spectra, a mass upper limit of 18.3 M⊙ was obtained based on the inclination limit i < 60° for an assumed distance of 8.5 kpc. Using the empirical relation of the transition luminosity to the Eddington limit, the mass is constrained to 4.0–18.3 M⊙ for the same distance. The mass can be further constrained to be no larger than 9.5 M⊙ by adopting the constraints based on the fits to the NuSTAR spectra with relativistically blurred disk reflection models (Miller et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, L6).
Hard X-Ray Detector (HXD) on Board Suzaku Takahashi, Tadayuki; Abe, Keiichi; Endo, Manabu ...
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan,
01/2007, Letnik:
59, Številka:
sp1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) on board Suzaku covers a wide energy range from 10 keV to 600 keV by the combination of silicon PIN diodes and GSO scintillators. The HXD is designed to achieve an ...extremely low in-orbit background based on a combination of new techniques, including the concept of a well-type active shield counter. With an effective area of
$142 \,\mathrm{cm}^{2}$
at 20 keV and
$273 \,\mathrm{cm}^{2}$
at 150 keV, the background level at sea level reached
$\sim 1 \times 10^{-5} \,\mathrm{cts} \,\mathrm{s}^{-1} \,\mathrm{cm}^{-2} \,\mathrm{keV}^{-1}$
at 30 keV for the PIN diodes, and
$\sim 2 \times 10^{-5} \,\mathrm{cts} \,\mathrm{s}^{-1} \,\mathrm{cm}^{-2} \,\mathrm{keV}^{-1}$
at 100 keV, and
$\sim 7 \times 10^{-6} \,\mathrm{cts} \,\mathrm{s}^{-1} \,\mathrm{cm}^{-2} \,\mathrm{keV}^{-1}$
at 200 keV for the phoswich counter. Tight active shielding of the HXD results in a large array of guard counters surrounding the main detector parts. These anti-coincidence counters, made of
$\sim 4 \,\mathrm{cm}$
thick BGO crystals, have a large effective area for sub-MeV to MeV
$\gamma$
-rays. They work as an excellent
$\gamma$
-ray burst monitor with limited angular resolution (
$\sim 5^{\circ}$
). The on-board signal-processing system and the data transmitted to the ground are also described.
The present paper describes the analysis of multiple RXTE PCA data of the black hole binary with superluminal jet, XTE J1550-564, acquired during its 1998-1999 outburst. The X-ray spectra show ...features typical of the high/soft spectral state and can approximately be described by an optically thick disk spectrum plus a power-law tail. Three distinct spectral regimes, which we call the "standard regime," the "anomalous regime," and the "apparently standard regime," have been found from the entire set of the observed spectra. When the X-ray luminosity is well below approx6 x 10 super(38) ergs s super(-1) (assuming a distance of 5 kpc), XTE J1550-564 resides in the standard regime, in which the soft spectral component dominates the power-law component and the observed disk inner radius is kept constant. When the luminosity exceeds the critical luminosity, the apparently standard regime is realized, in which the luminosity of the optically thick disk rises less steeply with the temperature, and the spectral shape is moderately distorted from that of the standard accretion disk. In this regime, the radial temperature gradient of the disk has been found to be flatter than that of the standard accretion disk. The results of the apparently standard regime suggest a slim disk, which is a solution predicted for a high mass accretion rate. In the intermediate anomalous regime (or very high state in the literature), the spectrum becomes much harder, and the disk inner radius derived using a simple disk model spectrum apparently varies significantly with time. These properties can be explained as a result of significant thermal inverse Comptonization of the disk photons, as was found from GRO J1655-40 in its anomalous regime by Kubota and coworkers.
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