The design and experimental characterization of a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) is presented. The counter produces supersaturation by means of fast volume-controlled adiabatic expansion. The ...aerosol number concentration is derived from observing scattered laser light in the forward direction under a solid angle between 1.1° and 4.4° over the full annular sector. The number concentration is derived by application of Mie theory from the characteristic pattern in the temporal evolution of the detected signal during the droplet growth process. The equation for calculation of the aerosol number density by this method is presented. Theoretical considerations for the smallest aerosol particles that can be activated indicate a lower size cut-off between 2.5 and 3.0 nm. Model calculations of the expected Mie scatter signal during expansion agree very well with the experimental observations. The Expansion-CNC can be operated fully automated under computer (PC) control in 10-second sample cycles. For characterization it is compared with a TSI 3025A Ultrafine-CPC (TSI UCPC) for measurements of monodisperse sodium chloride and sulfuric acid aerosol particles, indicating good agreement between the two counters down to particle sizes as low as 3.5 nm under laboratory conditions. In addition, ambient aerosol measurements in urban air show excellent agreement with simultaneous TSI UCPC measurements for particle number concentrations ranging from roughly 50 cm
− 3
to 130000 cm
− 3
.
Driver Assistance System for Pedelecs Degen, C.; Domnik, C.; Kurten, A. ...
2019 20th International Radar Symposium (IRS),
2019-June
Conference Proceeding
Driver assistance systems in cars are standard nowadays, using a wide range of sensors and appropriate signal processing for sensor fusion. Radar systems play a major role within such systems, being ...combined with cameras and further sensors. This paper elaborates on transferring such systems to pedelecs or e-bikes in order to support mainly elderly people in challenging traffic situations. The concept as well as first results with a prototype are described, focusing on sensor fusion between radar and camera. Moreover, power consumption is an important issue for this pedelec application, so that power saving concepts are highlighted in this paper.
In-situ ice crystal size distribution measurements are presented within the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere. The measurements were performed using a combination of a Forward Scattering ...Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) which were installed on the Russian high altitude research aircraft M55 QUOTATION_MARKGeophysicaQUOTATION_MARK during the SCOUT-O sub(3) campaign in Darwin, Australia. The objective of the campaign was to characterise the outflow of the Hector convective system, which appears on an almost daily basis during the pre-monsoon season over the Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. In total 90 encounters with ice clouds, between 10 and 19 km altitude were selected from the dataset and were analysed. Six of these encounters were observed in the lower stratosphere, up to 1.4 km above the local tropopause, and were a result of overshooting convection. The ice crystals observed in the stratosphere comprise sizes up to 400 mu m maximum dimension, include an ice water content of 0.110 super(− 3)-1.7& #x00D7; 10 super(− 3) g m super(− 3) and were observed at ambient relative humidities (with respect to ice) between 75 and 157%. Three modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature intervals, showing that the shape of the size distribution of the stratospheric ice clouds are similar to those observed in the upper troposphere. In the tropical troposphere the effective radius of the ice cloud particles decreases from 100 mu m at about 10 km altitude, to 3 mu m at the tropopause, while the ice water content decreases from 0.04 to 10 super(− 5) g m super(− 3). No clear trend in the number concentration was observed with altitude, due to the thin and inhomogeneous characteristics of the observed cirrus clouds. The ice water content calculated from the observed ice crystal size distribution is compared to the ice water content derived from two hygrometer instruments. This independent measurement of the ice water content agrees within the combined uncertainty of the instruments for ice water contents exceeding 210 super(− 4) g m super(− 3). Stratospheric residence times, calculated based on gravitational settling only, show that the ice crystals observed in the stratosphere over the Hector storm system have a high potential for humidifying the stratosphere. Utilizing total aerosol number concentration measurements from a four channel condensation particle counter, it can be shown that the fraction of activated ice particles with respect to the number of available aerosol particles ranges from 1:300 to 1:30 000 for tropical upper tropospheric ice clouds with ambient temperatures below − 75 degree C.
Current atmospheric models do not include secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from gas-phase reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Recent studies have shown that primary ...semivolatile emissions, previously assumed to be inert, undergo oxidation in the gas phase, leading to SOA formation. This opens the possibility that low-volatility gas-phase precursors are a potentially large source of SOA. In this work, SOA formation from gas-phase photooxidation of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), and 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene (1,2-DMN) is studied in the Caltech dual 28-m super(3) chambers. Under high-NO sub(x) conditions and aerosol mass loadings between 10 and 40 kg m, the SOA yields (mass of SOA per mass of hydrocarbon reacted) ranged from 0.19 to 0.30 for naphthalene, 0.19 to 0.39 for 1-MN, 0.26 to 0.45 for 2-MN, and constant at 0.31 for 1,2-DMN. Under low-NO sub(x) conditions, the SOA yields were measured to be 0.73, 0.68, and 0.58, for naphthalene, 1-MN, and 2-MN, respectively. The SOA was observed to be semivolatile under high-NO sub(x) conditions and essentially nonvolatile under low-NO sub(x) conditions, owing to the higher fraction of ring-retaining products formed under low-NO sub(x) conditions. When applying these measured yields to estimate SOA formation from primary emissions of diesel engines and wood burning, PAHs are estimated to yield 3-5 times more SOA than light aromatic compounds. PAHs can also account for up to 54% of the total SOA from oxidation of diesel emissions, representing a potentially large source of urban SOA.
Evaporating liquid droplets are omnipresent in nature and technology, such as in inkjet printing, coating, deposition of materials, medical diagnostics, agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, or ...spills of liquids. Whereas the evaporation of pure liquids, liquids with dispersed particles, or even liquid mixtures has intensively been studied over the past two decades, the evaporation of ternary mixtures of liquids with different volatilities and mutual solubilities has not yet been explored. Here we show that the evaporation of such ternary mixtures can trigger a phase transition and the nucleation of microdroplets of one of the components of the mixture. As a model system, we pick a sessile Ouzo droplet (as known from daily life—a transparent mixture of water, ethanol, and anise oil) and reveal and theoretically explain its four life phases: In phase I, the spherical cap-shaped droplet remains transparent while the more volatile ethanol is evaporating, preferentially at the rim of the drop because of the singularity there. This leads to a local ethanol concentration reduction and correspondingly to oil droplet nucleation there. This is the beginning of phase II, in which oil microdroplets quickly nucleate in the whole drop, leading to its milky color that typifies the so-called “Ouzo effect.” Once all ethanol has evaporated, the drop, which now has a characteristic nonspherical cap shape, has become clear again, with a water drop sitting on an oil ring (phase III), finalizing the phase inversion. Finally, in phase IV, all water has evaporated, leaving behind a tiny spherical cap-shaped oil drop.
Particle-laden or droplet-laden turbulent flows occur in many industrial applications and in natural phenomena. Knowledge about the properties of these flows can help to improve the design of unit ...operations in industry and to predict for instance the occurrence of rain showers. This knowledge can be obtained from experimental research and from numerical simulations. In this paper a review is given of numerical simulation methods for particle-laden flows. There are various simulation methods possible. They range from methods in which all details, including the flow around each particle, are resolved, via point-particle methods, in which for each particle an equation of motion is solved, to Eulerian methods in which equations for particle concentration and velocity are solved. This review puts the emphasis on the intermediate class of methods, the Euler-Lagrange methods in which the continuous phase is described by an Eulerian approach and the dispersed phase in a Lagrangian way with equations of motion for each individual particle.
The Greek aperitif Ouzo is not only famous for its specific anise-flavoured taste, but also for its ability to turn from a transparent miscible liquid to a milky-white coloured emulsion when water is ...added. Recently, it has been shown that this so-called Ouzo effect, i.e. the spontaneous emulsification of oil microdroplets, can also be triggered by the preferential evaporation of ethanol in an evaporating sessile Ouzo drop, leading to an amazingly rich drying process with multiple phase transitions (Tan et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 113 (31), 2016, pp. 8642–8647). Due to the enhanced evaporation near the contact line, the nucleation of oil droplets starts at the rim which results in an oil ring encircling the drop. Furthermore, the oil droplets are advected through the Ouzo drop by a fast solutal Marangoni flow. In this article, we investigate the evaporation of mixture droplets in more detail, by successively increasing the mixture complexity from pure water over a binary water–ethanol mixture to the ternary Ouzo mixture (water, ethanol and anise oil). In particular, axisymmetric and full three-dimensional finite element method simulations have been performed on these droplets to discuss thermal effects and the complicated flow in the droplet driven by an interplay of preferential evaporation, evaporative cooling and solutal and thermal Marangoni flow. By using image analysis techniques and micro-particle-image-velocimetry measurements, we are able to compare the numerically predicted volume evolutions and velocity fields with experimental data. The Ouzo droplet is furthermore investigated by confocal microscopy. It is shown that the oil ring predominantly emerges due to coalescence.
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We extended a mathematical model for the drying of sessile droplets, based on the lubrication approximation, to binary mixture droplets. This extension is relevant for e.g. inkjet ...printing applications, where ink consisting of several components are used. The extension involves the generalization of an established vapor diffusion-limited evaporation model to multi-component mixtures. The different volatilities of the liquid components generate a composition gradient at the liquid-air interface. The model takes the composition-dependence of the mass density, viscosity, surface tension, mutual diffusion coefficient and thermodynamic activities into account. This leads to a variety of effects ranging from solutal Marangoni flow over deviations from the typical spherical cap shape to an entrapped residual amount of the more volatile component at later stages of the drying. These aspects are discussed in detail on the basis of the numerical results for water-glycerol and water-ethanol droplets. The results show good agreement with experimental findings. Finally, the accuracy of the lubrication approximation is assessed by comparison with a finite element method.
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