In 2011, the registered maximum dose was changed to 4.0 g/d in Japan, and concerns for safety in Japanese patients were raised. ...we performed an epidemiological study for the safety of ...acetaminophen.
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates inducible expression of detoxifying enzymes, is critical in preventing ...N-nitrosobutyl(4-hydroxybutyl)amine (BBN)-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis. To explore whether Nrf2 and the tumor suppressor p53 cooperatively act in tumor prevention, we investigated the susceptibility of Nrf2−/−::p53+/− mice to BBN-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The incidence of BBN-induced urinary bladder carcinoma was 63.0% in Nrf2−/− mice (P = 0.115), 75.8% in p53+/− mice (P < 0.01) and 89.6% in Nrf2−/−::p53+/− mice (P < 0.01) compared with 37.9% in wild-type. Higher incidence of carcinoma was observed in Nrf2−/−::p53+/− mice when compared with either Nrf2−/− (P < 0.01) or p53+/− mice (P = 0.382). Similarly, muscular invasive carcinoma incidence was higher in Nrf2−/−::p53+/− mice (62.0%) than either wild-type (6.9%, P < 0.01), p53+/− (38.0%, P = 0.110) or Nrf2−/− mice (3.7%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, urinary concentrations of N-nitrosobutyl(3-carboxypropyl)amine, a proximate carcinogen of BBN, were only increased when Nrf2 but not p53 was disrupted. These results demonstrate that tumor susceptibility is synergistically exacerbated in Nrf2−/−::p53+/− mice due to poor detoxification and accelerated proliferation in comparison with either single mutant alone. BBN administration increased p53-mediated expression of p21, Mdm2 and Bax, and the inducible expression of p21 was significantly enhanced in Nrf2−/− mice. Conversely, modest increases in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) expression were observed in p53+/− compared with those of wild-type mice after BBN exposure. These results thus reveal potential interactions between p53 and Nrf2 and their gene batteries, and indicate that both factors cooperatively contribute to tumor prevention.
Advancing and receding contact angles of four organic liquids and water were measured on a variety of polymer surfaces and silicon wafers using an inclinable plane. Contact angles varied widely from ...liquid to liquid and from surface to surface. Surface roughness was relatively unimportant. Instead, the contact angles seemed to be more closely tied to the chemical nature of the surfaces. In general, contact angles increased with the liquid surface tension and decreased with the surface tension of the solid. Several definitions were used to calculate contact angle hysteresis from the experimental data. Although hysteresis is usually considered an extensive property, we found that on a given surface a wide range of liquids gave a unique value of reduced hysteresis. Apparently, reduced hysteresis represents an intrinsic parameter describing liquid–solid interactions.
Abstract
The ionization dynamics of Xe cluster was analyzed by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pump-near infrared (NIR) probe experiments. The experiments were carried out for Xe clusters containing around ...5000 atoms on average at the SPring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) test accelerator in Japan. We recorded ion spectra emitted from Xe clusters as a function of the time delay between the EUV and NIR pulses. The ion yields up to highly-charged states were substantially enhanced when Xe clusters excited by the EUV pulses were illuminated by the NIR laser pulses at 1 to 2 ps after the pump pulse, providing a compelling evidence for nano-plasma formation and subsequent NIR absorption via surface plasma resonance. We also observed emergence of low kinetic energy Xe
+
at long time delay, which can be attributed to the ionization of excited neutral atoms resulting from the electron-ion recombination in the expanding nano-plasma.
A wearable optical topography system was developed that is based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for observing brain activity noninvasively including in regions covered by hair. An avalanche ...photo diode, high voltage dc-dc converter, and preamplifier were placed in an electrically shielded case to be safely mounted on the head. Rubber teeth and a glass rod were prepared to clear away hair and reach the scalp. These devices realized for the first time a wearable NIRS imager for any region of the cortex. The activity in the motor cortex during finger tapping was successfully observed.
A common challenge for pump-probe studies of structural dynamics at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) is the determination of time zero (T0)—the time an optical pulse (e.g., an optical laser) ...arrives coincidently with the probe pulse (e.g., a XFEL pulse) at the sample position. In some cases, T0 might be extracted from the structural dynamics of the sample's observed response itself, but generally, an independent robust method is required or would be superior to the inferred determination of T0. In this paper, we present how the structural dynamics in ultrafast melting of bismuth can be exploited for a quickly performed, reliable and accurate determination of T0 with a precision below 20 fs and an overall experimental accuracy of 50 fs to 150 fs (estimated). Our approach is potentially useful and applicable for fixed-target XFEL experiments, such as serial femtosecond crystallography, utilizing an optical pump pulse in the ultraviolet to near infrared spectral range and a pixelated 2D photon detector for recording crystallographic diffraction patterns in transmission geometry. In comparison to many other suitable approaches, our method is fairly independent of the pumping wavelength (UV–IR) as well as of the X-ray energy and offers a favorable signal contrast. The technique is exploitable not only for the determination of temporal characteristics of the experiment at the interaction point but also for investigating important conditions affecting experimental control such as spatial overlap and beam spot sizes.
Contact angle hysteresis, drop shape, and drop retention were studied with a tiltable plane. Contact liquids were water and ethylene glycol. Four polymers and silicon wafers were used as substrates. ...When the plane was inclined, the shape of drops distorted, exhibiting advancing and receding contact angles. Drops remained stationary until a critical angle of tilt was exceeded, and then they began to move. The difference in the advancing and receding contact angles, or contact angle hysteresis, ranged from 9° to 66°, depending on the liquid and the substrate. Roughness did not seem to influence the hysteresis as much as the chemical nature of the surfaces. Elongation and back-to-front asymmetry were greater on surfaces with high hysteresis. We found a linear correlation between the aspect ratio of drops and their contact angle hysteresis. Also, the retentive force increased with elongation of the drops.
In this report, effects of ammonia nitridation and low temperature InN buffer growth were investigated to improve the crystalline quality of InN(101¯3) grown on GaAs(110) by metalorganic vapor phase ...epitaxy (MOVPE). InN(101¯3) single crystal including less than 0.1% of differently oriented domains was successfully grown by inserting low temperature InN buffer layer. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of InN(101¯3) epitaxial layer were drastically decreased from 89arcmin to 55arcmin after processing ammonia nitridation of GaAs(110) substrate surface. Furthermore, the FWHM value was decreased to 38arcmin by increasing growth time, and the mechanism of dislocation annihilation happened during epitaxial growth was discussed.
► We reported the effects of substrate nitridation to the crystalline quality of semi-polar InN. ► We investigated the effects of buffer insertion to the crystalline quality of semi-polar InN. ► The mechanism of dislocation annihilation was studied by TEM, XRD analysis.
Synopsis We performed a wide-angle X-ray scattering experiment of single Xe nanoparticles using an X-ray free electron laser. We developed a novel analysis method that focuses on the angular ...correlation between plural Bragg spots in single-shot diffraction patterns. The angular correlations of the Bragg spots encode rich structural information and offer an evidence of twinning and stacking faults in Xe nanoparticles.
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