Osteopetrosis (OP), also known as marble bone disease is an extremely rare inherited skeletal disorder, characterised by abnormal functioning of the osteoclasts that results in incremental bone ...deposition with lack of normal bone remodelling. This leads to the formation of hard and brittle bone can readily fracture. The compromised quality of marrow tissue with poor vascularity reduces bone healing and increases the risk of infections. The risk of jawbone osteomyelitis in patients with OP is high and invariably involves mandible. Involvement of maxilla is rare and has been sparingly reported in the literature. This paper highlights a case of extensive necrosis of maxilla and mid-face skeleton following tooth extraction in a patient with OP. Review of the English literature identifying 23 previously published reports of maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with OP is also presented. Demographic details, history of tooth extraction, extent of involvement, clinical presentation, imaging finding, treatment provided and the outcome have been discussed.
Migration of foreign body, like fish bone and staples within oral and cervical space have been previously reported.1 2 In the present case difficulty in swallowing could be related to the wire ...impinging on muscles of the floor of mouth and associated soft tissue in the submandibular space. In case of odynophagia with no clinical finding or an obvious cause, patient’s personal habits and occupational hazards (like habit of using teeth for peeling electric wire sheath in this case) may give vital clue for diagnosis.3 4 Imaging, using CT scan revealed the foreign body, providing evidence of the cause of odynophagia.5 6 Sectional and three-dimensional formatted CT images further assist to study the size and location of the foreign body, assisting in its surgical removal. Confirmation of foreign body in soft tissue can be attained using various imaging modalities including plain radiography, ultrasonography, CT, MRI and C-arm fluoroscopy.
After carefully dissecting the muscle and soft tissue attachments, the displaced condylar head was brought out of the surgical site and the fixation device accommodating two screws on either side of ...fracture was secured to it extracorporeally (figure 1C). ...one patient (6%) had complete resorption of condylar fragment, but recovery of occlusion and mandibular movement was satisfactory.4 Park et al reported higher rate of condylar resorption in 32% cases, within 9 months after extracorporeal fixation of 10 condylar fractures.2 Blood supply of condyle is primarily endosteal (from inferior alveolar artery) and periosteal (branches of internal maxillary artery). ...extracorporeal fixation should be the last resort in managing condylar fracture, due to associated risk of avascular necrosis.
Axial and coronal sections of CT images showed round to oval hypodense mass lesion of 2.5 cm size in the right buccal space at the nasolabial angle. Coronal (D) and axial (E) sections of the CT scan ...showing oval lesion encroaching over pyriform aperture, anterior nasal cavity and causing pressure resorption of anterior maxilla (arrow). Ultrasonography (USG), CT or MRI is used to evaluate size, extent and nasal involvement.3 MRI provide better soft tissue resolution without ionizing radiation.
With the advent of recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics, profiling single-cell sequencing became possible. The single-cell RNA sequencing ...(scRNA-seq) is widely used to characterize diverse cell populations and ascertain cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms. The gene regulatory network (GRN) mainly consists of genes and their regulators-transcription factors (TF). Here, we describe the lightning-fast Python implementation of the SCENIC (Single-Cell reEgulatory Network Inference and Clustering) pipeline called pySCENIC. Using single-cell RNA-seq data, it maps TFs onto gene regulatory networks and integrates various cell types to infer cell-specific GRNs. There are two fast and efficient GRN inference algorithms, GRNBoost2 and GENIE3, optionally available with pySCENIC. The pipeline has three steps: (1) identification of potential TF targets based on co-expression; (2) TF-motif enrichment analysis to identify the direct targets (regulons); and (3) scoring the activity of regulons (or other gene sets) on single cell types.
Summary
Of all the nutrients, vitamin A has been the most extensively evaluated for its impact on immunity. There are three main forms of vitamin A, retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (RA) with the ...latter being most biologically active and all‐trans‐RA (ATRA) its main derivative. Vitamin A is a key regulator of the functions of various innate and adaptive immune cells and promotes immune‐homeostasis. Importantly, it augments the interferon‐based innate immune response to RNA viruses decreasing RNA virus replication. Several clinical trials report decreased mortality in measles and Ebola with vitamin A supplementation.During the Covid‐19 pandemic interventions such as convalescent plasma, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulator drugs have been tried but most of them are difficult to implement in resource‐limited settings. The current review explores the possibility of mega dose vitamin A as an affordable adjunct therapy for Covid‐19 illness with minimal reversible side effects. Insight is provided into the effect of vitamin A on ACE‐2 expression in the respiratory tract and its association with the prognosis of Covid‐19 patients. Vitamin A supplementation may aid the generation of protective immune response to Covid‐19 vaccines. An overview of the dosage and safety profile of vitamin A is presented along with recommended doses for prophylactic/therapeutic use in randomised controlled trials in Covid‐19 patients.
The advancement of quantum computers undermines the security of classical blockchain, necessitating either a post-quantum upgrade of the existing architecture or creation of an inherently quantum ...blockchain. Here we propose a practically realizable model of a fully quantum blockchain based on a generalized Gram-Schmidt procedure utilizing dimensional lifting. In this model, information of transactions stored in a multi-qubit state are subsequently encoded using the generalized Gram-Schmidt process. The chain is generated as a result of the reliance of orthogonalized state on the sequence of states preceding it. Various forking scenarios and their countermeasures are considered for the proposed model. It is shown to be secure even against quantum computing attacks using the no-cloning theorem and non-democratic nature of Generalized Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Finally, we outline a framework for a quantum token built on the same architecture as our blockchain.
Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are nanostructured crosslinked polymers made up of cyclodextrins. The reactive hydroxy groups of CDs allow them to act as multifunctional monomers capable of ...crosslinking to bi- or multifunctional chemicals. The most common NS synthetic pathway consists in dissolving the chosen CD and an appropriate crosslinker in organic polar aprotic liquids (e.g.,
N
,
N
-dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide), which affect the final result, especially for potential biomedical applications. This article describes a new, green synthetic pathway through mechanochemistry, in particular via ball milling and using 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole as the crosslinker. The polymer obtained exhibited the same characteristics as a CD-based carbonate NS synthesized in a solvent. Moreover, after the synthesis, the polymer was easily functionalized through the reaction of the nucleophilic carboxylic group with three different organic dyes (fluorescein, methyl red, and rhodamine B) and the still reactive imidazoyl carbonyl group of the NS.
This book will summarize research work carried out so far on dissimilar metallic material welding using friction stir welding (FSW). Joining of dissimilar alloys and materials are needed in many ...engineering systems and is considered quite challenging. Research in this area has shown significant benefit in terms of ease of processing, material mixing, and superior mechanical properties such as joint efficiencies. A summary of these results will be discussed along with potential guidelines for designers. * Explains solid phase process and distortion of work piece * Addresses dimensional stability and repeatability * Addresses joint strength * Covers metallurgical properties in the joint area * Covers fine microstructure * Introduces improved materials use (e.g., joining different thicknesses) * Covers decreased fuel consumption in light weight aircraft * Addresses automotive and ship applications
This study investigated the susceptible sites for pit nucleation in a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) Fe39Mn20Co20Cr15Si5Al1 (at.%) high-entropy alloy (HEA) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The ...investigation involved a constant-load stress corrosion cracking (SCC) experiment. The SCC testing was interrupted at different pre-determined time intervals to characterize the specimen surface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and a three-dimensional optical stereomicroscope. The EBSD results revealed pit nucleation at the susceptible γ–ε interphase and ε–ε interlath/plate boundaries. The three-dimensional profile and SEM results indicated an increase in pit depth with no change in pit diameter on the surface of the specimen as the experiment progressed over time. This study highlights the importance of microstructural features and mechanical loading in the corrosion behavior of TRIP HEAs, providing insights into the mechanisms of pit nucleation and growth under aggressive environmental conditions.
PDF
