Display omitted
•Various types of food wastes are generated from agricultural production to consumption reviewed.•Food wastes can be valorized by recovery, recycling and reusing.•Food wastes can be ...integrated to myco-biorefinery to obtain valuable products.•Food waste bioconversion helps waste management and value addition.
Increases in population and urbanization leads to generation of a large amount of food waste (FW) and its effective waste management is a major concern. But putrescible nature and high moisture content is a major limiting factor for cost effective FW valorization. Bioconversion of FW for the production of value added products is an eco-friendly and economically viable strategy for addressing these issues. Targeting on production of multiple products will solve these issues to greater extent. This article provides an overview of bioconversion of FW to different value added products.
The current work aims at assessing the single cylinder, diesel engine fueled with nano-emulsion of orange peel oil biodiesel. The orange oil was elicited from orange peels through solvent extraction ...method then converted into methyl ester. By using the solvent extraction method, the orange peel oil (Limonene) yield was achieved up to 82.3%. Later, nanofluid was prepared in two different concentrations by doping 50 and 100 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles. The orange oil biodiesel nano-emulsions namely OOME-T50 and OOME-T100 were prepared with the proportion of 88% of pure orange oil methyl ester, 10% of TiO2 nanofluid and 2% of span-80 as a surfactant. Experiments were performed with prepared fuels (pure OOME, OOME-T50 and OOME-T100) in a test engine and its results were discussed. The BTE of the engine increased up to 1.4% and 3.0% with OOME OOME-T50 and OOME-T100 fuels when correlated with pure OOME fuel. However, neat diesel fuel indicates maximum BTE at peak load condition. Significant reduction of about 24.2%, 9.7%, 18.4%, 16.0% in smoke, NOx, CO and HC were observed for OOME-T100 nano-emulsion fuel as correlated to pure OOME at peak load. Also, it can be noted that the cylinder peak pressure and heat release rate were increased for OOME nano-emulsion fuels when compared to pure OOME at greatest power output.
•Orange oil extracted from orange peels waste was effectively utilized as a fuel for diesel engine.•Solvent extraction method shows the better yield for orange oil.•Nano emulsion with OOME fuel blend offers 1.4%–3.0% improvement in BTE with raw OOME fuel.•Overall diesel engine tailpipe emissions were reduced for the fuel blend nano emulsion + OOME.•Cylinder pressure and HRR was increased for nano emulsion + OOME fuel blend with raw OOME fuel.
•Food waste (unavoidable) is a potential feedstock for bioeconomy.•Food waste biorefinery platform valorizes multiple biobased products sustainably.•Integrating bioprocesses facilitates maximum ...resource recovery.•Closed loop approach of bioprocesses leads to circular bioeconomy.
Enormous quantity of food waste (FW) is becoming a global concern. To address this persistent problem, sustainable interventions with green technologies are essential. FW can be used as potential feedstock in biological processes for the generation of various biobased products along with its remediation. Enabling bioprocesses like acidogenesis, fermentation, methanogenesis, solventogenesis, photosynthesis, oleaginous process, bio-electrogenesis, etc., that yields various products like biofuels, platform chemicals, bioelectricity, biomaterial, biofertilizers, animal feed, etc can be utilized for FW valorisation. Integrating these bioprocesses further enhances the process efficiency and resource recovery sustainably. Adapting biorefinery strategy with integrated approach can lead to the development of circular bioeconomy. The present review highlights the various enabling bioprocesses that can be employed for the generation of energy and various commodity chemicals in an integrated approach addressing sustainability. The waste biorefinery approach for FW needs optimization of the cascade of the individual bioprocesses for the transformation of linear economy to circular bioeconomy.
Graphene and molybdenum-disulfide are considered to be one of the multifunctional materials that are extensively used in lubrication. However, the combined effects of these two materials on the ...tribological properties under different humidity are less explored. In this study, novel epoxy-graphene-MoS2 ternary composites are prepared by considering different particle concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 wt%. For analyzing the suitability of these composites in a humid environment, their tribological properties are tested under 40%, 60%, and 80% relative humidity and compared with pristine epoxy, binary epoxy-graphene, and binary epoxy-MoS2 composites. The reported friction coefficient and wear rate of ternary composites are significantly lower than those in each binary composite. A synergistic effect in ternary composites leads to much low friction coefficient and wear rate ranging between 0.0019 and 0.01 and 1.0 and 1.48 × 10−7 mm3/N-m, respectively. The formation of functional-graphene influences the wear mechanism in the ternary composite. In a similar environment, friction coefficient and wear rate of binary epoxy-graphene (0.017–0.028, 1.35–1.59 × 10−7 mm3/N-m) and binary epoxy-MoS2 (0.07–0.23, 1.4–1.67 × 10−7 mm3/N-m) composites are high. The ultralow friction values and light-weight of ternary composites make them suitable for practical application in the automotive industry for designing light-weight and rolling/sliding components such as bearings for ball joints.
Display omitted
Assuring health coverage for all in India Patel, Vikram, Prof; Parikh, Rachana, MPH; Nandraj, Sunil, MA ...
The Lancet (British edition),
12/2015, Letnik:
386, Številka:
10011
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary Successive Governments of India have promised to transform India's unsatisfactory health-care system, culminating in the present government's promise to expand health assurance for all. ...Despite substantial improvements in some health indicators in the past decade, India contributes disproportionately to the global burden of disease, with health indicators that compare unfavourably with other middle-income countries and India's regional neighbours. Large health disparities between states, between rural and urban populations, and across social classes persist. A large proportion of the population is impoverished because of high out-of-pocket health-care expenditures and suffers the adverse consequences of poor quality of care. Here we make the case not only for more resources but for a radically new architecture for India's health-care system. India needs to adopt an integrated national health-care system built around a strong public primary care system with a clearly articulated supportive role for the private and indigenous sectors. This system must address acute as well as chronic health-care needs, offer choice of care that is rational, accessible, and of good quality, support cashless service at point of delivery, and ensure accountability through governance by a robust regulatory framework. In the process, several major challenges will need to be confronted, most notably the very low levels of public expenditure; the poor regulation, rapid commercialisation of and corruption in health care; and the fragmentation of governance of health care. Most importantly, assuring universal health coverage will require the explicit acknowledgment, by government and civil society, of health care as a public good on par with education. Only a radical restructuring of the health-care system that promotes health equity and eliminates impoverishment due to out-of-pocket expenditures will assure health for all Indians by 2022—a fitting way to mark the 75th year of India's independence.
Hyperbox classifier has large contribution to the field of pattern classification, because of its efficiency and transparency. Hyperbox classifier is efficiently implemented by using fuzzy min–max ...(FMM) neural network. FMM was modified many times to improve the classification accuracy. Moreover, there still exists a space for increasing the accuracy of hyperbox based classifiers. In this paper, four modifications are proposed to FMM network for increasing the classification accuracy rate. First, centroid and K-highest (CCK) based criteria to select the expandable hyperbox. Second, a new set of overlap test cases to consider all types of overlapping regions. Third, a new set of contraction rules to settle the overlapped regions. Fourth, novel hyperbox trimming strategy to reduce the system complexity. The proposed method is compared with FMM, enhanced FMM (EFMM) and Kn_FMM using five datasets. Experimental results clearly reflect the improved efficiency of proposed method. Proposed FMM (PFMM) network is also used to classify the histopathological images for knowing the best magnifying factor.
Neural networks are being used in areas of prediction and classification, the areas where statistical methods have traditionally been used. Both the traditional statistical methods and neural ...networks are looked upon as competing model-building techniques in literature. This paper carries out a comprehensive review of articles that involve a comparative study of feed forward neural networks and statistical techniques used for prediction and classification problems in various areas of applications. Tabular presentations highlighting the important features of these articles are also provided. This study aims to give useful insight into the capabilities of neural networks and statistical methods used in different kinds of applications.
Herein, flexible polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite films reinforced with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay and titanium dioxide (TiO
...2
) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a simple and low-cost solution casting method. The surface morphology of PVDF/GNPs/TiO
2
/MMT nanocomposites and the interaction between PVDF, GNPs, TiO
2
NPs and MMT nanofillers was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The dielectric properties of the prepared nanocomposite films were evaluated using a frequency response impedance analyzer in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 20 MHz at various temperatures. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of PVDF/GNPs/TiO
2
/MMT nanocomposites was measured in the Ku-band region (12–18 GHz) and the maximum SE of 12.6 dB was obtained for nanocomposites with GNPs-2.5%, MMT-1% and TiO
2
-11.5%. Considering the excellent EMI shielding performance, these nanocomposites can have promising applications in smart electronics and flexible devices.
Background & objectives: The National Tuberculosis (TB) Control Programme has transitioned from thrice-weekly to daily drug treatment regimens in India. This preliminary study was conceived to ...compare the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin (RMP), isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) in TB patients being treated with daily and thrice weekly anti-TB treatment (ATT).
Methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken in 49 newly diagnosed adult TB patients receiving either daily ATT (n=22) or thrice-weekly ATT (n=27). Plasma RMP, INH and PZA were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results: The peak concentration (Cmax) of RMP was significantly higher (RMP: 8.5 μg/ml vs. 5.5 μg/ml; P=0.003) and Cmax of INH was significantly lower (INH: 4.8 μg/ml vs. 10.9 μg/ml; P<0.001) in case of daily dosing compared to thrice-weekly ATT. Cmax of drugs and doses was significantly correlated. A higher proportion of patients had subtherapeutic RMP Cmax (8.0 μg/ml) during thrice-weekly compared to daily ATT (78% vs. 36%; P=0.004). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Cmax of RMP was significantly influenced by the dosing rhythm, pulmonary TB and Cmax of INH and PZA by the mg/kg doses.
Interpretation & conclusions: RMP concentrations were higher and INH concentrations were lower during daily ATT, suggesting that INH doses may need to be increased in case of a daily regimen. Larger studies are, however, required using higher INH doses when monitoring for adverse drug reactions and treatment outcomes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Display omitted
•We investigated the costs and GHG emissions of three blue hydrogen production technologies.•Blue hydrogen cost ranges from $1.69-$2.55 per kg H2 depending on the production ...technology.•Autothermal reforming (ATR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) and natural gas decomposition with CCS produce H2 has the lowest and highest cost, respectively.•Blue hydrogen from ATR process has the lowest GHG emissions, 3.91 kgCO2eq/kg H2.•The economics of a steam reforming plant depends on the CO2 capture rate.
Interest in blue hydrogen production technologies is growing. Some researchers have evaluated the environmental and/or economic feasibility of producing blue hydrogen, but a holistic assessment is still needed. Many aspects of hydrogen production have not been investigated. There is very limited information in the literature on the impact of plant size on production and the extent of carbon capture on the cost and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of blue hydrogen production through various production pathways. Detailed uncertainty and sensitivity analyses have not been included in most of the earlier studies. This study conducts a holistic comparative cost and life cycle GHG emissions’ footprint assessment of three natural gas-based blue hydrogen production technologies – steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and natural gas decomposition (NGD) to address these research gaps. A hydrogen production plant capacity of 607 tonnes per day was considered. For SMR, based on the percentage of carbon capture and capture points, we considered two scenarios, SMR-52% (indicates 52% carbon capture) and SMR-85% (indicates 85% carbon capture). A scale factor was developed for each technology to understand the hydrogen production cost with a change in production plant size. Hydrogen cost is 1.22, 1.23, 2.12, 1.69, 2.36, 1.66, and 2.55 $/kg H2 for SMR, ATR, NGD, SMR-52%, SMR-85%, ATR with carbon capture and sequestration (ATR-CCS), and NGD with carbon capture and sequestration (NGD-CCS), respectively. The results indicate that when uncertainty is considered, SMR-52% and ATR are economically preferable to NGD and SMR-85%. SMR-52% could outperform ATR-CCS when the natural gas price decreases and the rate of return increases. SMR-85% is the least attractive pathway; however, it could outperform NGD economically when CO2 transportation cost and natural gas price decrease. Hydrogen storage cost significantly impacts the hydrogen production cost. SMR-52%, SMR-85%, ATR-CCS, and NGD-CCS have scale factors of 0.67, 0.68, 0.54, and 0.65, respectively. The hydrogen cost variation with capacity shows that operating SMR-52% and ATR-CCS above hydrogen capacity of 200 tonnes/day is economically attractive. Blue hydrogen from autothermal reforming has the lowest life cycle GHG emissions of 3.91 kgCO2eq/kg H2, followed by blue hydrogen from NGD (4.54 kgCO2eq/kg H2), SMR-85% (6.66 kgCO2eq/kg H2), and SMR-52% (8.20 kgCO2eq/kg H2). The findings of this study are useful for decision-making at various levels.
PDF
