An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the optimum roughage to concentrate ratio in complete rations using unconventional sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), a by product of ethanol industry as sole ...roughage source. Eight rations were prepared with roughage to concentrate ratio of 100:0 to 30:70. Significantly (P<0.01) higher in vitro gas production volume (ml) at 24 h incubation, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) were recorded for the rations with roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio of 80R:20C to 30R:70C compared to 100R:0C and 90R:10C rations. Whereas, truly digestible organic matter (TDOM) was significantly (P<0.01) higher for the rations 90R:10C to 30R:70C compared to sole SSB. Among all the rations, 30R:70C has shown highest (P<0.01) IVOMD, ME and TDOM and the trend observed in ME, TDOM values reflected that, as the concentrates proportion increased, these values were also proportionately increased. The partitioning factor (PF, mg/ml) value obtained was ranged from 2.79±0.01 to 3.18±0.01 for the experimental rations. The rations from 90R:10C to 30R:70C were significantly (P<0.01) higher in PF, microbial biomass production (MBP) and efficiency of microbial biomass production (EMBP) compared to the ration contained 100 per cent SSB. There was no significant difference observed for PF and EMBP among the rations from 60R:40C to 30R:70C, wherein the SSB proportion decreased from 60 to 30 per cent in the rations. Where as for MBP, no significant difference was observed in the rations from 50R:50C to 30R:70C. These rations have also shown higher IVOMD resulting in higher microbial biomass synthesis. The less intense microbial activity was reflected by low volumes of gas produced in the rations of sole SSB to 70R:30C. The NH3-N at 24 h of incubation was significantly (P<0.01) increased as the proportion of concentrate increased in the ration. Significantly (P<0.01) lowered total volatile fatty acid concentration was observed in the rations VII, VIII followed by V and VI. Therefore, the present study suggested that sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) can be included in complete rations for ruminants at the level of 50-60 per cent for economic milk and meat production.
To assess the level of patient satisfaction with the various aspects of interaction of the health provider with the patient such as communication, examination and information regarding prescription ...in the allopathic public health facilities of Lucknow district.
Public health facilities of Lucknow district, India.
Satisfaction in service provision is increasingly being used as a measure of health system performance. The satisfaction with the service provider i.e., the prescriber is a vital component of the whole process of consultation and largely determines the compliance of the patient to the treatment prescribed. Apart from this, satisfaction also varies according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the beneficiaries. We have therefore tried to study these factors in the present study.
Multistage stratified random sampling was used to select the health facilities while the patients were selected by systematic random sampling for the interview.
Number and percentages, mean and χ(2) test.
The overall satisfaction regarding the doctor patient communication and certain aspects of examination was highest for the residents (75.4%) followed by the super specialists (71.5%) and specialists (69.1%).
The findings of the study will help us educate the prescribers about the various neglected areas of the consultation which will go a long way to develop a consistent relationship between the providers and the beneficiaries for the attainment of the "Health for All".
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins control animal development and tissue homeostasis. They activate gene expression by regulating processing, stability, and activation of Gli/Cubitus interruptus (Ci) ...transcription factors. Hh proteins are secreted and spread through tissue, despite becoming covalently linked to sterol during processing. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to release Hh proteins in distinct forms; in Drosophila, lipoproteins facilitate long-range Hh mobilization but also contain lipids that repress the pathway. Here, we show that mammalian lipoproteins have conserved roles in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) release and pathway repression. We demonstrate that lipoprotein-associated forms of Hh and Shh specifically block lipoprotein-mediated pathway inhibition. We also identify a second conserved release form that is not sterol-modified and can be released independently of lipoproteins (Hh-N*/Shh-N*). Lipoprotein-associated Hh/Shh and Hh-N*/Shh-N* have complementary and synergistic functions. In Drosophila wing imaginal discs, lipoprotein-associated Hh increases the amount of full-length Ci, but is insufficient for target gene activation. However, small amounts of non-sterol-modified Hh synergize with lipoprotein-associated Hh to fully activate the pathway and allow target gene expression. The existence of Hh secretion forms with distinct signaling activities suggests a novel mechanism for generating a diversity of Hh responses.
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins control animal development and tissue homeostasis. They activate gene expression by regulating processing, stability, and activation of Gli/Cubitus interruptus (Ci) ...transcription factors. Hh proteins are secreted and spread through tissue, despite becoming covalently linked to sterol during processing. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to release Hh proteins in distinct forms; in Drosophila, lipoproteins facilitate long-range Hh mobilization but also contain lipids that repress the pathway. Here, we show that mammalian lipoproteins have conserved roles in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) release and pathway repression. We demonstrate that lipoprotein-associated forms of Hh and Shh specifically block lipoprotein-mediated pathway inhibition. We also identify a second conserved release form that is not sterol-modified and can be released independently of lipoproteins (Hh-N*/Shh-N*). Lipoprotein-associated Hh/Shh and Hh-N*/Shh-N* have complementary and synergistic functions. In Drosophila wing imaginal discs, lipoprotein-associated Hh increases the amount of full-length Ci, but is insufficient for target gene activation. However, small amounts of non-sterol-modified Hh synergize with lipoprotein-associated Hh to fully activate the pathway and allow target gene expression. The existence of Hh secretion forms with distinct signaling activities suggests a novel mechanism for generating a diversity of Hh responses.
