Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) excites peripheral sensory nerve fibres, but also exert antinociceptive effects. The differences in these nAChR-mediated effects could be ...related to the expression of different nAChR subtypes located on nociceptive neurons. In the present study, we focused on the recently described α10-nAChR subunit, and on α4 and α7 subunits, which are the most abundant subunits in the central nervous system. In nociceptive neurons from thoracic and lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG), nAChR subunits were found at transcriptional (RT-PCR), translational (immunohistochemistry) and functional levels. Cultured DRG neurons express mRNA for the subunits α2–7 and α10. The α-subunit proteins 4, 7 and 10 were colocalised in virtually all nociceptive neurons that were identified by immunoreactivity for the vanilloid receptor TRPV-1. These findings were corroborated by current recordings and calcium measurements, which revealed excitatory inward currents and calcium responses in capsaicin sensitive neurons.
We have investigated the role of the penetration of saline on the shear strength of the cement-stem interface for stems inserted at room temperature and those preheated to 37 degrees C using a ...variety of commercial bone cements. Immersion in saline for two weeks at 37 degrees C reduced interfacial strength by 56% to 88% after insertion at room temperature and by 28% to 49% after preheating of the stem. The reduction in porosity as a result of preheating ranged from 71% to 100%. Increased porosity correlated with a reduction in shear strength after immersion in saline (r = 0.839, p < 0.01) indicating that interfacial porosity may act as a fluid conduit.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Sprachtherapeutisch-linguistische Fachkreise empfehlen die Anpassung einer von einem internationalen Konsortium empfohlenen Änderung der Nomenklatur für Sprachstörungen im ...Kindesalter, insbesondere für Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (SES), auch für den deutschsprachigen Raum.
Fragestellung
Ist eine solche Änderung in der Terminologie aus ärztlicher und psychologischer Sicht sinnvoll?
Material und Methode
Kritische Abwägung der Argumente für und gegen eine Nomenklaturänderung aus medizinischer und psychologischer Sicht eines Fachgesellschaften- und Leitliniengremiums.
Ergebnisse
Die ICD-10-GM (Internationale statistische Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme, 10. Revision, German Modification) und eine S2k-Leitlinie unterteilen SES in
umschriebene SES
(USES) und
SES assoziiert mit anderen Erkrankungen
(Komorbiditäten). Die USES- wie auch die künftige SES-Definition der ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision) fordern den Ausschluss von Sinnesbehinderungen, neurologischen Erkrankungen und einer bedeutsamen intellektuellen Einschränkung. Diese Definition erscheint weit genug, um leichtere nonverbale Einschränkungen einzuschließen, birgt nicht die Gefahr, Kindern Sprach- und weitere Therapien vorzuenthalten und erkennt das ICD(International Classification of Disease)-Kriterium, nach dem der Sprachentwicklungsstand eines Kindes bedeutsam unter der Altersnorm und unterhalb des seinem Intelligenzalter angemessenen Niveaus liegen soll, an. Die intendierte Ersetzung des
Komorbiditäten
-Begriffs durch
verursachende Faktoren, Risikofaktoren
und
Begleiterscheinungen
könnte die Unterlassung einer dezidierten medizinischen Differenzialdiagnostik bedeuten.
Schlussfolgerungen
Die vorgeschlagene Terminologie birgt die Gefahr, ätiologisch bedeutsame Klassifikationen und differenzialdiagnostische Grenzen zu verwischen und auf wertvolles ärztliches und psychologisches Fachwissen in Diagnostik und Therapie sprachlicher Störungen im Kindesalter zu verzichten.
The protective role of hyperimmune serum in the prevention of
Haemophilus parasuis infections in post-weaned piglets was assessed by experimental challenge. The hyperimmune serum was obtained from a ...pig vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against Glässer’s disease. Thirty-eight weaned piglets were divided into four groups: three groups were immunised intramuscularly with 10
ml of hyperimmune serum and one group consisted of unimmunised control animals. All piglets were subsequently infected intraperitoneally with
H. parasuis serotype 5 at different times after immunisation. The use of hyperimmune serum provided the piglets with partial protection against experimental infection. The levels of protection indirectly depend on time between serum inoculation and challenge infection. The best protection of piglets against experimental infection was obtained in the group immunised 1
week before inoculation; the same group in which the highest levels of antibodies were detected at the time of challenge.
Previous binding studies have suggested the presence of a so far unknown nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit in dorsal root ganglia (Pugh et al., 1995). Here, we investigated whether the most ...recently identified subunit, alpha10, and its potential interaction partner, alpha9 (Elgoyhen et al., 2001), are expressed in these ganglia. All neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia, but no glial cells, expressed both alpha9 and alpha10 mRNA in in situ hybridization, and exhibited alpha10 immunoreactivity using a newly raised antibody. These findings were confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting. The data show that dorsal root ganglion neurons coexpress alpha9 and alpha10 nicotinic receptor subunits, thereby providing the first example of neuronal expression of this receptor subunit pair.
Background: Inflammatory cytokines potently impact hemostatic pathways during infection, but the tissue‐specific regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis complicates studies of the underlying ...mechanisms. Methods and Results: Here, we describe assays that quantitatively measuring prothrombinase (PTase), protein C‐ase (PCase) and plasminogen activator (PA) activities in situ, thereby facilitating studies of tissue‐specific hemostasis. Using these assays, we investigate the mechanisms regulating hepatic fibrin deposition during murine toxoplasmosis and the means by which interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) suppresses infection‐stimulated fibrin deposition. We demonstrate that Toxoplasma infection upregulates hepatic PTase, PCase, and PA activity. Wild type and gene‐targeted IFN‐γ‐deficient mice exhibit similar levels of infection‐stimulated PTase activity. By contrast, IFN‐γ‐deficiency is associated with increased PCase activity and reduced PA activity during infection. Parallel analyses of hepatic gene expression reveal that IFN‐γ‐deficiency is associated with increased expression of thrombomodulin (TM), a key component of the PCase, increased expression of thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a PC substrate, and reduced expression of urokinase PA (u‐PA). Conclusions: These findings suggest that IFN‐γ suppresses infection‐stimulated hepatic fibrin deposition by suppressing TM‐mediated activation of TAFI, thereby destabilizing fibrin deposits, and concomitantly increasing hepatic u‐PA activity, thereby promoting fibrinolysis. We anticipate that further application of these in situ assays will improve our understanding of tissue‐specific hemostasis, its regulation by cytokines, and its dysregulation during coagulopathy.
OBJECTIVES:This study was performed to determine whether four cancellous lag screws provide significantly improved rigidity and fixation strength compared with three screws for fixation of displaced ...femoral neck fractures with posterior comminution.
DESIGN:Biomechanical cadaver study.
INTERVENTION:Eight pairs of mildly osteopenic femurs were selected, and each pair was fixed with three or four cancellous lag screws (randomly assigned) after the creation of a simulated femoral neck fracture with posterior comminution. A separate comparison with an unmatched group of six similar femurs with a simulated femoral neck fracture without posterior comminution and instrumented with three screws was performed to investigate the effect of posterior comminution.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT:The specimens were non-destructively tested to determine fixation rigidity in axial and anterior loading. Cyclic axial loading was then performed for 10,000 cycles; the femurs were retested for rigidity and finally were axially loaded until failure.
RESULTS:The femurs with a posterior defect stabilized with three screws had significantly less resistance to axial and anterior displacement and sustained significantly lower axial loads to failure than those stabilized with four screws. The specimens instrumented with three screws without a posterior defect exhibited greater resistance to displacement in anterior loading and sustained greater axial loads to failure than those with a posterior defect stabilized with three screws.
CONCLUSION:This study suggests that there are benefits to using four screws for fixation of femoral neck fractures with posterior comminution.
Purpose
To prospectively evaluate the prognostic impact of multimodal computed tomography-based imaging in ischemic stroke patients potentially eligible for reperfusion therapy.
Methods
Anterior ...circulation stroke patients underwent non-contrast CT (NCCT), CT-angiography, and CT-perfusion within 12 h from symptom-onset. Patients could be treated with intravenous-tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA), endovascular or combined reperfusion therapies. Cerebral imaging profiles (IP) were NCCT-Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) > 7 (IP1); NCCT-ASPECTS > 5 and proximal occlusion on CT-angiography (IP2); CT-perfusion mismatch between cerebral blood volume (CBV)-ASPECTS, and cerebral blood flow (CBF)-ASPECTS ≥ 2 (IP3). Favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2 at 3 months.
Results
Of 102 included patients, 62 (61 %) received any reperfusion therapy. In IP2 and IP3, favorable outcome was more frequent in patients with reperfusion therapy than in those without; however, this did not reach statistical significance (IP2: 39 % vs 15 %,
p
= 0.26; IP3: 50 % vs 17 %;
p
= 0.31). No difference was seen in IP1 (58 % vs 58 %,
p
= 1.0). In IP2, patients with IV-tPA alone achieved better functional outcome (50 % vs 11 %,
p
= 0.03) and lower mortality (0 % vs 28 %,
p
= 0.045) than those without.
Conclusions
Our results suggest a benefit with imaging profile selection based upon the combination of a small-to-moderate-sized infarction and a visible intracranial occlusion in patients receiving IV-tPA. Reperfusion therapy may be futile in patients without proven vessel occlusion.
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