Numerical simulation results of a convecting shielded vortex interacting with a normal shock using a compact scheme in the convecting upwind and split pressure framework are presented. We explore the ...parameter space spanned by vortex Mach number and incident Mach number to look for combinations of the parameters which lead to vortex breakdown. The incident and vortex Mach numbers covered are on the higher side, where relatively less information is available. It is well known that for a weak shock, the vortex retains its original shape and for stronger shocks it breaks down. In-between these two extremes, there is a region where the vortex neither retains its original shape nor does it break into small pieces. We determine the vortex breakdown and transition regions that have not so far been reported in shock–vortex interaction studies. A number of cases have been studied, and a vortex breakdown criterion for the cases considered is proposed.
We solve the Euler equations to compute the interaction of a Mach 1.22 shock wave with a helium bubble contaminated by 28% air by mass. A ninth-order upwind scheme is used to calculate the left and ...the right states of the primitive variables as required by the AUSMD algorithm. The low numerical dissipation of the AUSMD algorithm makes it an ideal choice for computing long-time behavior of the bubble after the shock passes over it. The algorithm combines well with the high spectral accuracy of the ninth-order upwind scheme. The basic trends in the evolving bubble match with earlier experimental and numerical observations. Effect of numerical schemes and grid sizes is also observed for this study. The Euler solver captures a large number of small-scale rolled-up vortices originally generated by the baroclinic torque term in the vorticity transport equation and later enhanced by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Numerical schlieren, mass fraction, and vorticity contour plots are used to visualize the turbulent mixing zone that is a key feature of the translating and deforming bubble.
Chlorogenic acid is one of the most abundant beneficial polyphenols in plants and is well known as a nutritional antioxidant in plant-based foods. Apart from its dietary antioxidant activity, it has ...been proved to be an efficient defence molecule against a broad range of insect herbivores. In the last two decades, several reports have shown the effectiveness of chlorogenic acid in insect growth deterrence. The pathway for chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in plants was previously elucidated, and metabolic engineering of the principal pathway showed high chlorogenic acid production in tomato plants. Herbivore-mediated induction of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis was also demonstrated both at metabolite and transcript level, although herbivore-mediated molecular regulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis is not yet fully elucidated. In this communication, we present our views on the efficacy of chlorogenic acid as an anti-herbivore defence molecule in plants and also discuss its future outlook.
One-dimensional (1D) nanostructure exhibits excellent electrochemical performance because of their unique physico-chemical properties like fast electron transfer, good rate capability, and cyclic ...stability. In the present study, Co3(PO4)2 1D nanograsses are grown on Ni foam using a simple and eco-friendly hydrothermal technique with different reaction times. The open space with uniform nanograsses displays a high areal capacitance, rate capability, energy density, and cyclic stability due to the nanostructure enhancing fast ion and material interactions. Ex-situ microscope images confirm the dependence of structural stability on the reaction time, and the nanograsses promoted ion interaction through material. Further, the reproducibility of the electrochemical performance confirms the binder-free Co3(PO4)2 1D nanograsses to be a suitable high-performance cathode material for application to hybrid supercapacitor. Finally, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density (26.66 Wh kg−1 at 750 W kg−1) and longer lifetimes (80% retained capacitance after 6000 cycles). Our results suggests that the Co3(PO4)2 1D nanograss design have a great promise for application to hybrid supercapacitor.
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•Binder-free cobalt phosphate cathode for hybrid supercapacitor.•Stable structure and good electrochemical interaction confirmed via morphology.•Uniform and direct growth enhances the electrochemical performance.•The OH− ions more favor for large energy storage than NO3− ions.•Ex-situ analysis confirms the influence of morphology on cyclic stability.
The present study was aimed to determine the impact of thermal stress on expression dynamics of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) mRNA in cultured cardiac fibroblast cells of the goat. The heart tissues ...(n = 6) from different goats were used for the culture study. The cardiac fibroblast cells were cultured and subjected to thermal stress at 42 °C for 0, 20, 60 and 100 min. The relative abundance of HSP60 mRNA was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The cardiac cells exposed to thermal stress at 42 °C for 0 min was taken as control. The relative abundance of HSP60 mRNA did not change at 20 min of thermal stress as compared to control. Thereafter, the relative abundance of HSP60 mRNA was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) at 60 min and 100 min of thermal stress. However, the highest mRNA expression of HSP60 was noticed at 100 min of thermal stress. The present study indicates that, thermal stress modulates the mRNA expression HSP60 in cultured caprine cardiac fibroblast cells.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Soil organic C (SOC) pools under long-term management practices provide information on C sequestration pathways, soil quality maintenance, and crop productivity. Farmyard manure (FYM), paddy straw ...(PS), and green manure (GM) along with inorganic fertilizers were used in a 19-yr-old rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in subtropical India to evaluate their impact on SOC stock, its different pools--total organic C (Ctot); oxidizable organic C (Coc) and its four fractions of very labile (Cfrac1), labile (Cfrac2), less labile (Cfrac3), and nonlabile C (Cfrac4); microbial biomass C (Cmic); and mineralizable C (Cmin). Cropping with only N-P-K fertilization just maintained SOC content, while N-P-K plus organics increased SOC by 24.3% over the control, their relative efficacy being FYM > PS > GM. A minimum of 3.56 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 was required to be added as organic amendments to compensate for SOC loss from cropping. The passive (Cfrac3 + Cfrac4) pool and Cmin constituted about 39 and 11.5%, respectively, of Ctot. Organics contributed toward the passive pool in the order FYM > PS > GM. Most of the pools were significantly (P = 0.005) correlated with each other. Yield and sustainable yield index were strongly related with Cfrac1, Coc, Cmic, and Cmin. Results suggest Cfrac1 as a useful indicator for assessing soil health, and balanced fertilization with FYM as suitable management for sustaining crop productivity of the rice-wheat system.
Abstract The paper explores an optimal control problem concerning transport processes in a porous medium. The transport phenomena is governed by diffusion-reaction equations, which is basically a ...semi-linear parabolic system. An $L^{2}$-cost (energy) functional is introduced, and control (distributed) is applied in the porous part of the medium. The primary objective is to characterize a given control to be an optimal control and analyse the relationship between optimal control and the adjoint state. The analysis commences with the microscopic description of the controlled system followed by upscaling the system via periodic homogenization.
A
bstract
We introduce the concept of multisymplectic formalism, familiar in covariant field theory, for the study of integrable defects in 1 + 1 classical field theory. The main idea is the ...coexistence of two Poisson brackets, one for each spacetime coordinate. The Poisson bracket corresponding to the time coordinate is the usual one describing the time evolution of the system. Taking the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation as an example, we introduce the new bracket associated to the space coordinate. We show that, in the absence of any defect, the two brackets yield completely equivalent Hamiltonian descriptions of the model. However, in the presence of a defect described by a frozen Bäcklund transformation, the advantage of using the new bracket becomes evident. It allows us to reinterpret the defect conditions as canonical transformations. As a consequence, we are also able to implement the method of the classical
r
matrix and to prove Liouville integrability of the system with such a defect. The use of the new Poisson bracket completely bypasses all the known problems associated with the presence of a defect in the discussion of Liouville integrability. A by-product of the approach is the reinterpretation of the defect Lagrangian used in the Lagrangian description of integrable defects as the generating function of the canonical transformation representing the defect conditions.
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