THE ARCTIC SYSTEM REANALYSIS, VERSION 2 Bromwich, D. H.; Wilson, A. B.; Bai, L. ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
04/2018, Letnik:
99, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Arctic is a vital component of the global climate, and its rapid environmental evolution is an important element of climate change around the world. To detect and diagnose the changes occurring ...to the coupled Arctic climate system, a state-of-the-art synthesis for assessment and monitoring is imperative. This paper presents the Arctic System Reanalysis, version 2 (ASRv2), a multiagency, university-led retrospective analysis (reanalysis) of the greater Arctic region using blends of the polar-optimized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (Polar WRF) Model and WRF three-dimensional variational data assimilated observations for a comprehensive integration of the regional climate of the Arctic for 2000–12. New features in ASRv2 compared to version 1 (ASRv1) include 1) higher-resolution depiction in space (15-km horizontal resolution), 2) updated model physics including subgrid-scale cloud fraction interaction with radiation, and 3) a dual outer-loop routine for more accurate data assimilation. ASRv2 surface and pressure-level products are available at 3-hourly and monthly mean time scales at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Analysis of ASRv2 reveals superior reproduction of near-surface and tropospheric variables. Broadscale analysis of forecast precipitation and site-specific comparisons of downward radiative fluxes demonstrate significant improvement over ASRv1. The high-resolution topography and land surface, including weekly updated vegetation and realistic sea ice fraction, sea ice thickness, and snow-cover depth on sea ice, resolve finescale processes such as topographically forced winds. Thus, ASRv2 permits a reconstruction of the rapid change in the Arctic since the beginning of the twenty-first century–complementing global reanalyses. ASRv2 products will be useful for environmental models, verification of regional processes, or siting of future observation networks.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We analyzed the association between substance use (SU) and condomless sex (CS) among HIV-negative adults reporting heterosexual sex in the Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain (STTR) consortium. We describe ...the impact of SU as well as person/partner and context-related factors on CS, identifying combinations of factors that indicate the highest likelihood of CS.
We analyzed data from four US-based STTR studies to examine the effect of SU on CS using two SU exposures: 1) recent SU (within 3 months) and 2) SU before/during sex. Behavioral data were collected via 1:1 or self-administered computerized interviews. Adjusted individual-study, multivariable relative risk regression was used to examine the relationship between CS and SU. We also examined interactions with type of sex and partner HIV status. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using traditional fixed-effects meta-analysis. We analyzed data for recent SU (n = 6781; 82% men, median age = 33 years) and SU before/during sex (n = 2915; 69% men, median age = 40 years).
For both exposure classifications, any SU other than cannabis increased the likelihood of CS relative to non-SU (8-16%, p-values< 0.001). In the recent SU group, however, polysubstance use did not increase the likelihood of CS compared to single-substance use. Cannabis use did not increase the likelihood of CS, regardless of frequency of use. Type of sex was associated with CS; those reporting vaginal and anal sex had a higher likelihood of CS compared to vaginal sex only for both exposure classifications (18-21%, p < 0.001). Recent SU increased likelihood of CS among those reporting vaginal sex only (9-10%, p < 0.001); results were similar for those reporting vaginal and anal sex (5-8%, p < 0.01). SU before/during sex increased the likelihood of CS among those reporting vaginal sex only (20%; p < 0.001) and among those reporting vaginal and anal sex (7%; p = 0.002). Single- and poly-SU before/during sex increased the likelihood of CS for those with exclusively HIV-negative partners (7-8%, p ≤ 0.02), and for those reporting HIV-negative and HIV-status unknown partners (9-13%, p ≤ 0.03).
Except for cannabis, any SU increased the likelihood of CS. CS was associated with having perceived HIV-negative partners and with having had both anal/vaginal sex.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The impact of interferon (IFN)‐free direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments on utilization and outcomes associated with HCV‐positive deceased donor liver transplantation ...(DDLT) is largely unknown. Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we identified 25 566 HCV‐positive DDLT recipients from 2005 to 2015 and compared practices according to the introduction of DAA therapies using modified Poisson regression. The proportion of HCV‐positive recipients who received HCV‐positive livers increased from 6.9% in 2010 to 16.9% in 2015. HCV‐positive recipients were 61% more likely to receive an HCV‐positive liver after 2010 (early DAA/IFN era) (aRR:1.451.611.79, p < 0.001) and almost three times more likely to receive one after 2013 (IFN‐free DAA era) (aRR:2.582.853.16, p < 0.001). Compared to HCV‐negative livers, HCV‐positive livers were 3 times more likely to be discarded from 2005 to 2010 (aRR:2.692.993.34, p < 0.001), 2.2 times more likely after 2010 (aRR:1.802.162.58, p < 0.001) and 1.7 times more likely after 2013 (aRR:1.371.682.04, p < 0.001). Donor HCV status was not associated with increased risk of all‐cause graft loss (p = 0.1), and this did not change over time (p = 0.8). Use of HCV‐positive livers has increased dramatically, coinciding with the advent of DAAs. However, the discard rate remains nearly double that of HCV‐negative livers. Further optimization of HCV‐positive liver utilization is necessary to improve access for all candidates.
In this registry‐based study, the authors report that in the era of highly effective antiviral therapies for hepatitis C (HCV), use of HCV+ donor livers has increased, outcomes after HCV+ transplantation are comparable to HCV– transplantation, and yet discard rates of HCV+ livers remain elevated.
We present high-resolution (submas) Very Long Baseline Interferometry maps of nuclear H2O megamasers for seven galaxies. In UGC 6093, the well-aligned systemic masers and high-velocity masers ...originate in an edge-on, flat disk and we determine the mass of the central supermassive black holes (SMBH) to be MSMBH = 2.58 × 107 M ( 7%). For J1346+5228, the distribution of masers is consistent with a disk, but the faint high-velocity masers are only marginally detected, and we constrain the mass of the SMBH to be in the range (1.5-2.0) × 107 M . The origin of the masers in Mrk 1210 is less clear, as the systemic and high-velocity masers are misaligned and show a disorganized velocity structure. We present one possible model in which the masers originate in a tilted, warped disk, but we do not rule out the possibility of other explanations including outflow masers. In NGC 6926, we detect a set of redshifted masers, clustered within a parsec of each other, and a single blueshifted maser about 4.4 pc away, an offset that would be unusually large for a maser disk system. Nevertheless, if it is a disk system, we estimate the enclosed mass to be MSMBH < 4.8 × 107 M . For NGC 5793, we detect redshifted masers spaced about 1.4 pc from a clustered set of blueshifted features. The orientation of the structure supports a disk scenario as suggested by Hagiwara et al. We estimate the enclosed mass to be MSMBH < 1.3 × 107 M . For NGC 2824 and J0350−0127, the masers may be associated with parsec- or subparsec-scale jets or outflows.
This study investigates the effect of hydrogen incorporation on amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs). The threshold voltage (
V
th) and subthreshold swing (
SS) of ...hydrogen-incorporated a-IGZO TFTs were improved, and the threshold voltage shift (Δ
V
th) in hysteresis loop was also suppressed from 4
V to 2
V. The physical property and chemical composition of a-IGZO films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Experimental results show that the hydrogen-induced passivation of the interface trap states between active layer and dielectric is responsible for the improvement of
SS and
V
th.
Acid β-galactosidase (GLB1) and galactocerebrosidase (GALC) are retaining exo-β-galactosidases involved in lysosomal glycoconjugate metabolism. Deficiency of GLB1 may result in the lysosomal storage ...disorders GM1 gangliosidosis, Morquio B syndrome, and galactosialidosis, and deficiency of GALC may result in Krabbe disease. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a powerful technique to assess the activity of retaining glycosidases in relation to health and disease. This work describes the use of fluorescent and biotin-carrying activity-based probes (ABPs) to assess the activity of both GLB1 and GALC in cell lysates, culture media, and tissue extracts. The reported ABPs, which complement the growing list of retaining glycosidase ABPs based on configurational isomers of cyclophellitol, should assist in fundamental and clinical research on various β-galactosidases, whose inherited deficiencies cause debilitating lysosomal storage disorders.
Acid β-galactosidase (GLB1) and galactocerebrosidase (GALC) are retaining exo-β-galactosidases involved in lysosomal glycoconjugate metabolism.
Identification of genetic variants that influence bipolar I disorder (BPD-I) through genome-wide association (GWA) studies is limited in Asian populations. The current study aimed to identify novel ...common variants for BPD-I in an ethnically homogeneous Taiwanese sample using a multi-stage GWA study design.
At the discovery stage, 200 BPD-I patients and 200 controls that combined to form 16 pools were genotyped with 1million markers. Utilizing a newly developed rank-based method, top-ranked markers were selected. After validation with individual genotyping, a fine-mapping association study was conducted to identify associated loci using 240 patients and 240 controls. At the last stage, independent samples were collected (351 cases and 341 controls) for replication.
Among the top-ranked markers from the discovery stage, eight genes and 15 individual SNPs were evaluated in the fine-mapping stage. At this stage, rs7619173, which is not in a gene coding region, showed the most significant association (P=2∗10−5) with BPD-I. Four genes had empirical P-values<0.05, including KCNH7 (P=0.0047), MYST4 (P=0.0047), NRXN3 (P=0.0095), and SEMA3D (P=0.037). For markers genotyped in replication samples, rs7619173 exhibited a significant association (Pcombined=2∗10−4) after multiple testing correction, while markers rs11001178 (MYST4) and rs2217887 (NRXN3) showed weak associations (Pcombined=0.02) with BPD-I.
A multi-stage GWA design has the potential to uncover the underlying pathogenesis of a complex trait. Findings in the present study highlight three loci that warrant further investigation for bipolar.
•Marker rs7619173 at 3q26.33 in none gene coding region exhibited strong association.•Three genes KCNH7, MYST4, and NRXN3 were associated with bipolar I disorder.•The rank-based method could accurately identify associated genetic variants.
•Micro-hardness of pristine and Ba doped compounds non monotonically decreases with Ba-content.•Pristine compound shows two peaks in the temperature dependent resistivity.•The high temperature ...resistivity follows small polaron hopping model.•The phenomenological percolation model is valid for pristine as well as Ba-doped manganites.•MR studies show that pristine sample exhibits intrinsic behavior.
In the present communication, the effect of Ba substitution on the structural, mechanical, electrical transport and thermal properties of La0.65Ca0.35−xBaxMnO3 (0.00⩽x⩽0.25) manganites have been investigated. Rietveld refinement of XRD data reveals that all samples are single phase. With increasing Ba content, a transformation of crystal structure from rhombohedral (x=0.00–0.15) to cubic symmetry (x=0.25) is observed. In the micro-hardness study, a correlation between the average grain size and micro-hardness is concluded. It is found that all samples exhibit a clear metal–insulator transition, and the transition temperature (TMI) shifts monotonically towards higher temperature. The Seebeck coefficient (S) of the pristine sample is negative in the entire temperature range, whereas for all doped samples the measured S exhibits a crossover from positive to negative values. The analysis of Seebeck coefficient data indicates that the small polaron hopping model is operative in the high temperature region. The room-temperature magnitude of thermal conductivity, κ of the studied samples is in the range of 20–35mW/cmK and such low value is presumably attributed to the Jahn Teller (J-T) effect. An analysis of κ using Wiedemann–Franz’s (W–F) law confirms that the total thermal conductivity is mainly associated with the lattice phonons rather than charge carriers. The change in entropy associated with the transition evaluated from the specific heat measurements is found to decrease with increasing x, most likely due to the enhancement of magnetic inhomogeneity in these manganites.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Despite the availability of several treatment strategies, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, which limits the effectiveness ...of anticancer drugs, is a major problem in cancer therapy. In this study, we used a histone deacetylases inhibitor (HDACi) to establish drug-resistant HCC cells and further analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of resistance in HCC cells. Compared with the parental cells, HDACi-resistant cells showed high metastatic and pro-survival abilities. Two-dimensional electrophoresis data showed that the cofilin-1 (CFL-1) protein was altered in HDACi-resistant cells and was highly expressed in resistant cells compared with parental cells. The molecular function of CFL-1 is actin depolymerization, and it is involved in tumor metastasis. In this study, we showed that CFL-1 inhibition decreased cell migration and increased cell apoptosis in HDACi-resistant cells. We observed that HDACi induced ROS accumulation in cells and apoptosis via promotion of the CFL-1 interaction with Bax and CFL-1 translocation to the mitochondria, resulting in cytochrome C release. Importantly, phosphorylation of CFL-1 by activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) confers strong protection against HDAC inhibitor-induced cell injury. p-CFL-1 shows a loss of affinity with Bax and will not translocate to mitochondria, stably remaining in the cytoplasm. These results indicate that phosphorylation to inactivate CFL-1 decreased the chemosensitivity to HDAC inhibitors and resulting in drug resistance of HCC cells.
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