The Zwicky Transient Facility: Surveys and Scheduler Bellm, Eric C.; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Barlow, Tom ...
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,
06/2019, Letnik:
131, Številka:
1000
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present a novel algorithm for scheduling the observations of time-domain imaging surveys. Our integer linear programming approach optimizes an observing plan for an entire night by assigning ...targets to temporal blocks, enabling strict control of the number of exposures obtained per field and minimizing filter changes. A subsequent optimization step minimizes slew times between each observation. Our optimization metric self-consistently weights contributions from time-varying airmass, seeing, and sky brightness to maximize the transient discovery rate. We describe the implementation of this algorithm on the surveys of the Zwicky Transient Facility and present its on-sky performance.
Abstract
Using photometry collected with the Zwicky Transient Facility, we are conducting an ongoing survey for binary systems with short orbital periods (
with the goal of identifying new ...gravitational-wave sources detectable by the upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We present a sample of 15 binary systems discovered thus far, with orbital periods ranging from 6.91 to 56.35 minutes. Of the 15 systems, seven are eclipsing systems that do not show signs of significant mass transfer. Additionally, we have discovered two AM Canum Venaticorum systems and six systems exhibiting primarily ellipsoidal variations in their lightcurves. We present follow-up spectroscopy and high-speed photometry confirming the nature of these systems, estimates of their LISA signal-to-noise ratios, and a discussion of their physical characteristics.
General relativity
predicts that short-orbital-period binaries emit considerable amounts of gravitational radiation. The upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
(LISA) is expected to detect tens ...of thousands of such systems
but few have been identified
, of which only one
is eclipsing-the double-white-dwarf binary SDSS J065133.338+284423.37, which has an orbital period of 12.75 minutes. Here we report the discovery of an eclipsing double-white-dwarf binary system, ZTF J153932.16+502738.8, with an orbital period of 6.91 minutes. This system has an orbit so compact that the entire binary could fit within the diameter of the planet Saturn. The system exhibits a deep eclipse, and a double-lined spectroscopic nature. We see rapid orbital decay, consistent with that expected from general relativity. ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 is a strong source of gravitational radiation close to the peak of LISA's sensitivity, and we expect it to be detected within the first week of LISA observations, once LISA launches in approximately 2034.
We report the discovery of the first short-period binary in which a hot subdwarf star (sdOB) filled its Roche lobe and started mass transfer to its companion. The object was discovered as part of a ...dedicated high-cadence survey of the Galactic plane named the Zwicky Transient Facility and exhibits a period of P = 39.3401(1) minutes, making it the most compact hot subdwarf binary currently known. Spectroscopic observations are consistent with an intermediate He-sdOB star with an effective temperature of = 42,400 300 K and a surface gravity of = 5.77 0.05. A high signal-to-noise ratio GTC+HiPERCAM light curve is dominated by the ellipsoidal deformation of the sdOB star and an eclipse of the sdOB by an accretion disk. We infer a low-mass hot subdwarf donor with a mass MsdOB = 0.337 0.015 and a white dwarf accretor with a mass MWD = 0.545 0.020 . Theoretical binary modeling indicates the hot subdwarf formed during a common envelope phase when a 2.5-2.8 star lost its envelope when crossing the Hertzsprung gap. To match its current , , , and masses, we estimate a post-common envelope period of 150 minutes and find that the sdOB star is currently undergoing hydrogen shell burning. We estimate that the hot subdwarf will become a white dwarf with a thick helium layer of 0.1 , merge with its carbon/oxygen white dwarf companion after 17 Myr, and presumably explode as a thermonuclear supernova or form an R CrB star.
Despite the fundamental importance of radical‐anion radical‐cation pairs in single‐electron transfer (SET) reactions, such species are still very rare and transient in nature. Since diborenes have ...highly electron‐rich BB double bonds, which makes them strong neutral reductants, we envisaged a possible realization of a boron‐centered radical‐anion radical‐cation pair by SET from a diborene to a borole species, which are known to form stable radical anions upon one‐electron reduction. However, since the reduction potentials of all know diborenes (E1/2=−1.05/−1.55 V) were not sufficiently negative to reduce MesBC4Ph4 (E1/2=−1.69 V), a suitable diborene, IiPr⋅(iPr)BB(iPr)⋅IiPr, was tailor‐made to comply with these requirements. With a halfwave potential of E1/2=−1.95 V, this diborene ranks amongst the most powerful neutral organic reductants known and readily reacted with MesBC4Ph4 by SET to afford a stable boron‐centered radical‐anion radical‐cation pair.
The tailor‐made diborene IiPr⋅(iPr)BB(iPr)⋅IiPr features an extremely electron‐rich B–B double bond making it one of the most powerful neutral organic reductants known to date (E1/2=−1.95 V). Its reducing power was successfully exploited in the synthesis of a very rare boron‐centered radical‐anion radical‐cation pair by one‐electron reduction of a borole, MesBC4Ph4. IiPr=1,3‐diisopropylimidazol‐2‐ylidene.
Non-iron [n]Metalloarenophanes Braunschweig, Holger; Kupfer, Thomas
Accounts of chemical research,
03/2010, Letnik:
43, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The past 15 years have witnessed the creation of a wealth of fascinating applications for strained nferrocenophanes, in which the aromatic sandwich rings of ferrocene are covalently tethered (n ...denotes the number of bridging elements). By contrast, the related nmetalloarenophanes, that is, ansa-complexes not derived from ferrocene, have been neglected for a long time. In this Account, we present the tremendous progress that has been achieved in this field, mostly over the last five years. We focus on systems that have been developed in our laboratories, namely, those based on M(η6-C6H6)2 (where M is V, Cr, or Mo), Mn(η5-C5H5)(η6-C6H6), and M(η5-C5H5)(η7-C7H7) (where M is V or Cr). We begin by examining the synthetic precursors to nmetalloarenophanes, the selectively 1,1′-dilithiated sandwich complexes. These species can be isolated and characterized both in the solid state and in solution, and an appreciation of their structural properties is essential for the controlled synthesis of strained nmetalloarenophanes. About 25 different nmetalloarenophanes (n = 1, 2) have been obtained from 1,1′-dilithiated sandwich complexes by their stoichiometric reaction with appropriate element dihalides, and most have been fully characterized. X-ray diffraction data confirm the presence of tilted structures, with the extent of the tilt depending on the number of bridging elements, their covalent radii, and the nature of the metal center. The tilt angle, α, between the planes of the two carbocyclic ligands represents a good measure of the amount of ring strain present in these species, ranging from 31.23° for a highly strained 1boravanadoarenophane to 2.60° for the almost unstrained 2silatrochrocenophane. The strained character of nmetalloarenophanes is reflected in their rich and unusual reactivity. The thermodynamic driving force for most of the observed transformations is a significant reduction of molecular ring strain, as evidenced by smaller tilt angles in the products. For example, the 1sila derivatives undergo facile oxidative addition of the strained Si-areneC bond to low-valent transition metal complexes. Catalytic reaction with Karstedt’s catalyst results in the transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of a 1silatrochrocenophane, yielding a polymeric species (M W = 6.4 × 103 g mol−1). The transition-metal-catalyzed ROP of a paramagnetic 1silavandoarenophane provides a rare example of a well-characterized macromolecule (M W ≥ 2.8 × 104 g mol−1) containing spin-active metal centers in the main chain. The BB bond of the 2borametalloarenophanes was found to be particularly susceptible to further functionalizations. Facile oxidative addition was observed, and the resulting 3diboraplatina derivatives could be successfully employed in the diboration of alkynes to form ansa-bis(boryl)alkenes. This transformation was also accomplished directly from the 2borametalloarenophanes, that is, a diboration of alkynes under both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis conditions. Similarly, the stoichiometric diboration of the NN double bond of azobenzene by a 3diboraplatinachromoarenophane is possible. The SiSi bond in 2silachromoarenophanes can also be used in further derivatizations, although higher temperatures are required. The bis-silylation of propyne proceeded via palladium mediation under homogeneous conditions to yield ansa-bis(silyl)alkenes. Finally, we discuss the electronic properties of nmetalloarenophanes developed in our laboratories, revealing correlations between selected NMR, EPR, and UV−visible parameters and molecular distortion.
Most massive stars end their lives as red supergiants (RSGs), a short-lived evolutionary phase when they are known to pulsate with varying amplitudes. The RSG period-luminosity (PL) relation has been ...measured in the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds and M33 for about 120 stars in total. Using over 1500 epochs of R-band monitoring from the Palomar Transient Factory survey over a five-year period, we study the variability of 255 spectroscopically cataloged RSGs in M31. We find that all RGSs brighter than MK −10 mag (log(L/L ) > 4.8) are variable at ΔmR > 0.05 mag. Our period analysis finds 63 with significant pulsation periods. Using the periods found and the known values of MK for these stars, we derive the RSG PL relation in M31 and show that it is consistent with those derived earlier in other galaxies of different metallicities. We also detect, for the first time, a sequence of likely first-overtone pulsations. Comparison to stellar evolution models from MESA confirms the first-overtone hypothesis and indicates that the variable stars in this sample have 12 M < M < 24 M . As these RSGs are the immediate progenitors to Type II-P core-collapse supernovae (SNe), we also explore the implication of their variability in the initial-mass estimates for SN progenitors based on archival images of the progenitors. We find that this effect is small compared to the present measurement errors.
Abstract
We present an analysis of new and archival data to the 20.506 minute LISA verification binary J052610.42+593445.32 (J0526+5934). Our joint spectroscopic and photometric analysis finds that ...the binary contains an unseen
M
1
= 0.89 ± 0.11
M
⊙
CO-core white dwarf primary with an
M
2
= 0.38 ± 0.07
M
⊙
post-core-burning subdwarf, or low-mass white dwarf, companion. Given the short orbital period and relatively large total binary mass, we find that LISA will detect this binary with signal-to-noise ratio 44 after 4 yr of observations. J0526+5934 is expected to merge within 1.8 ± 0.3 Myr and likely result in a D
6
scenario Type Ia supernova or form a He-rich star that will evolve into a massive single white dwarf.
The realization of a phosphine‐stabilized diborene, Et3P⋅(Mes)BB(Mes)⋅PEt3 (4), by KC8 reduction of Et3P⋅B2Mes2Br2 in benzene enabled the evaluation and comparison of its electronic structure to the ...previously described NHC‐stabilized diborene IMe⋅(Dur)BB(Dur)⋅IMe (1). Importantly, both species feature unusual electron‐rich boron centers. However, cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculations revealed a significant influence of the Lewis base on the reduction potential and absorption behavior of the BB double bond system. Thus, the stronger σ‐donor strength and larger electronegativity of the NHC ligand results in an energetically higher‐lying HOMO, making 1 a stronger neutral reductant as 4 (1: E1/2=−1.55 V; 4: −1.05 V), and a smaller HOMO–LUMO gap of 1 accompanied by a noticeable red‐shift of its lowest‐energy absorption band with respect to 4. Owing to the highly negative reduction potentials, 1 and 4 were easily oxidized to afford rare boron‐centered radical cations (5 and 6).
The NHC‐ and phosphine‐stabilized diborenes IMe⋅(Dur)BB(Dur)⋅IMe and PEt3⋅(Mes)BB(Mes)⋅PEt3 possess an unusually high boron‐centered electron density, making them very strong neutral reductants. Thus, removal of one electron from the BB π systems occurs readily by chemical oxidation with (C7H7)BArf4 to afford the corresponding radical cations. The nature of the Lewis base exerts strong influence on the electronic structure of the neutral and cationic diborene systems.
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