In this paper, the linear and second order optics corrections for the KEK Accelerator Test Facility (ATF2) final focus beam line are described. The beam optics of the ATF2 beam line is designed based ...on a local chromaticity correction scheme similar to the ILC final focus system. Beam measurements in 2012 revealed skew sextupole field errors that were much larger than expected from magnetic field measurements. The skew sextupole field error was a critical limitation of the beam size at the ATF2 virtual interaction point (IP). Therefore, four skew sextupole magnets were installed to correct the field error in August 2012. By using the four skew sextupole magnets, the predicted tolerances of the skew sextupole field errors of the ATF2 magnets were increased. Furthermore, analyzing field maps of the sextupole magnets identified the source of the skew sextupole field error. After the field error source was removed, the IP vertical beam size could more easily be focused to less than 65 nm.
Based on the data available in the literature and their own experience, the authors give current views on the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentations, and treatments of ...cerebral dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), one of the unusual causes of stroke. The paper describes a young male patient with the lobar localization of the focus, a concurrence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. It is stated that the early emergence and persistence of a considerable focus should alert the physician to the possibility of DAVF or another venous anomaly. An emphasis is laid on the leading role of multimodal imaging protocols in the early diagnosis of the disease. Selective cerebral angiography of the internal and external carotid and vertebral arteries is today the gold standard for the diagnosis and classification of DAVF.
Electrical stimulation of the secondary somatosensory cortex (S-II), which is clinically effective in some chronic pain patients, produces a weak antinociception by itself and also strongly ...facilitates the antinociceptive effect of the neuronal NO synthase inhibitor 7-nitro-indazole in laboratory animals (rats). The present study thus investigated the mechanisms by which S-II stimulation facilitates the 7-nitro-indazole-induced antinociception. S-II stimulation in combination with 7-nitro-indazole at a subeffective dose, 5 mg/kg, synergistically reduced the number of cells expressing c-Fos in response to intraplantar injection of formalin in the superficial regions (laminae I and II) of the L4 and L5 spinal dorsal horn in conscious rats, although each had no significant effect. A similar synergism produced by S-II stimulation and 7-nitro-indazole was also confirmed in both the first and second phases in the formalin-induced behavioral nociception test. The synergistic antinociception exerted by S-II stimulation in combination with 7-nitro-indazole was resistant to systemic administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone or the α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine. In contrast, intrathecally administered methysergide, a serotonin receptor antagonist, at 20 μg/rat, abolished the first-phase, but not the second-phase, antinociception following S-II stimulation in combination with 7-nitro-indazole. These findings suggest that S-II stimulation, in combination with inhibition of neuronal NO synthase, can suppress spinal nociceptive neurons, at least in part through the descending spinal serotonergic pathway, resulting in antinociception.
In order to clarify factors of relevance to the rapid clinical deterioration in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM), we analyzed clinical and laboratory parameters of 28 patients. Patients were ...divided into rapid (n = 14) and slow progression groups (n = 14) by severity of paraparesis in the 5th year after onset. Clinically, only young age at onset of the disease was significantly associated with rapid clinical deterioration. Among laboratory parameters, depressed skin reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene and PPD, a depressed lymphoproliferative responses and increased CSF IgG levels were significantly associated with rapid clinical deterioration. Serum and CSF anti-HTLV-I antibodies titers were not a relevant factor in the rapid clinical deterioration. The results suggest the implication of immunopathogenic mechanisms in HAM.
We describe a case of Burkitt's cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with the bilateral numb chin syndrome as the initial symptom of the disease. Postmortem study of the trigeminal nerve ...showed heavy infiltrations of leukemic cells and destruction of axon and myelin by leukemic cells in the mandibular nerve.
In recent weeks, some commentators have suggested that Japan is back-pedalling on its Big Bang deregulation of financial services. But these concerns are unfounded. In December, the government ...announced a delay to a complex piece of reform that was part of Big Bang. The blanket guarantee of deposits, which protects savers in the event of a bank failure, was extended by one year, until 2002. The Big Bang officially started with the revision of the Foreign Exchange Law in April 1998, which removed restrictions on cross-border financial transactions. Next, the Financial System Reform Law became effective in December 1998. This brought down barriers between the banking, securities, and insurance markets, allowing new entrants.
The financial crisis of 1997-98 highlighted the importance of regional financial cooperation in East Asia. Before the crisis, increasing economic interdependence through trade, direct investment and ...finance in the region was not matched by the development of mechanisms and institutions for regional financial cooperation. There is a strong perception in the region that more effective regional institutions and frameworks might have prevented the crisis or at least allowed it to be better managed. The crisis prompted the region? economies to realise that stronger regional cooperative institutions could help to prevent and manage crises in a way that complements the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the global framework.
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