Introduction: Prolonged shortages of protein in the diet significantly alter the composition and content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in tissues and body fluids. One of nutritional factors ...which may reduce negative effects of protein malnutrition might be vitamin B2 due to its influence on lipids metabolism. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of low protein (LP) diet enriched with vitamin B2 on the content and composition of PUFA in the blood serum of rats treated with dosed physical exercise. Material and Methods: The experiment was carried out for 3 months on 72 growing male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups. Animals were fed ad libitum on a diet with an energy value of 350 kcal/100 g, in which 4.5% of the energy was provided by protein. In the control diet, 20% of the energy was provided by protein. Two groups were fed the diet enriched with vitamin B2. The two groups of tested animals were trained for 5 days a week. Results: LP diet caused a decrease in α-linolenic acid (ALA) after 30 days, and a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after 60 days of experiment, compared with rats fed the control diet. After 60 and 90 days of the experiment, a significant decrease was noted in arachidonic acid (AA) in serum of trained rats, compared with sedentary rats fed the LP diet. Physical activity increased LA (mainly on day 30), EPA (on day 90) and reduced AA content (on day 90) in serum of rats fed the LP diet. B2 supplementation in the trained LP group did not change the EPA and AA dependence; however, there was a decrease in LA content in comparison to the non-supplemented trained group. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that all investigated factors (protein deficiency, physical exercise and supplementation of vitamin B2) have significant impact on PUFA composition of serum in rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to verify whether selected functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in LEP, LEPR, and ADIPOQ loci are associated with the development of obesity ...and serum levels of the respective adipokines in prepubertal white children with obesity.
Methods:
Frequencies of −2548G>A LEP (rs7799039), Q223R (rs1137101) and K656N (rs8129183) LEPR, and −11377C>G (rs266729) and −11426A>G (rs16861194) ADIPOQ polymorphisms were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 101 obese (standard deviation score SDS‐body mass index BMI >2) and 67 normal‐weight (SDS‐BMI <−1 + 1>) children. Serum adipokine concentrations were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.
Results:
The GC/GG genotypes of −11377C>G ADIPOQ polymorphism were associated with a higher risk of obesity (P = 0.022, odds ratio 2.08 95% confidence interval 1.11–3.90). Individuals carrying the GG genotype had a higher leptin/total adiponectin ratio by 25% than CC homozygotes (Ptrend = 0.05). In the multivariate linear regression model, we found differences among particular genotypes of this polymorphism in concentrations of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin (Ptrend = 0.043) and HMW/total adiponectin ratio (Ptrend = 0.048), with the lowest values in GG homozygotes. Positive correlations between SDS‐BMI and dietary reference intake percentage were observed in individuals homozygous for allele C (r = 0.403, P = 0.01) and CG heterozygotes (r = 0.428, P = 0.004). No significant correlations between both parameters were found in the GG homozygotes.
Conclusions:
Among the analyzed polymorphisms, only −11377C>G ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with obesity during the prepubertal period. Adipokine abnormalities coexisting with the lack of relations between SDS‐BMI and dietary intake may predict a higher risk of future obesity‐related disorders in obese children carrying the GG genotype than in those with other genotypes.
bIntroduction/b. Prolonged shortages of protein in the diet significantly alter the composition and content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in tissues and body fluids. One of nutritional ...factors which may reduce negative effects of protein malnutrition might be vitamin Bsub2/sub due to its influence on lipids metabolism. bObjective. /bThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of low protein (LP) diet enriched with vitamin Bsub2/sub on the content and composition of PUFA in the blood serum of rats treated with dosed physical exercise. bMaterials and method. /bThe experiment was carried out for 3 months on 72 growing male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups. Animals were fed ad libitum on a diet with an energy value of 350 kcal/100 g, in which 4.5% of the energy was provided by protein. In the control diet, 20% of the energy was provided by protein. Two groups were fed the diet enriched with vitamin B2. The two groups of tested animals were trained for 5 days a week. bResults./b LP diet caused a decrease in α-linolenic acid (ALA) after 30 days, and a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after 60 days of experiment, compared with rats fed the control diet. After 60 and 90 days of the experiment, a significant decrease was noted in arachidonic acid (AA) in serum of trained rats, compared with sedentary rats fed the LP diet. Physical activity increased LA (mainly on day 30), EPA (on day 90) and reduced AA content (on day 90) in serum of rats fed the LP diet. B2 supplementation in the trained LP group did not change the EPA and AA dependence; however, there was a decrease in LA content in comparison to the non-supplemented trained group. bConclusions. /b Results of this study suggest that all investigated factors (protein deficiency, physical exercise and supplementation of vitamin B2) have significant impact on PUFA composition of serum in rats.
The purpose of the studies was to demonstrate to what degree genotypes of calpastatin (CAST/RsaI) and myogenin (MYOG) genes as well as the interaction between them may affect the carcass and meat ...quality of pigs. The investigations were conducted on 397 stress resistant pigs (free of RYR1(T) allele). It was demonstrated that the favourable effect of the variants of CAST and MYOG genes on carcass quality traits depends on the cut. The gene variant favourably affecting the weight of ham simultaneously had a negative effect on the weight of the loin. It was also shown that the interaction between CAST and MYOG genotypes has a significant effect on backfat thickness. The effect of a given combination of CAST and MYOG genotypes on carcass traits is related to the weight of a substantial cut (ham, loin). Genotypes at loci CAST/RsaI and MYOG have a significant effect on the value of certain traits and parameters of meat quality and its technological value (genotype CAST on pH at 35min and 2, 3, 24, 48, 96, 144h post-mortem (pH(35), pH(2), pH(3), pH(24), pH(48), pH(96), pH(144), respectively), R(1) (IMP/ATP), electrical conductivity at 3 and 4h post-mortem (EC(3), EC(4)), technological yield of meat in curing and thermal processing (TY) and protein content in the muscle tissue, while genotype MYOG on pH(48), EC(35), EC(3), EC(24) and dry matter content).
The purpose of the studies was to demonstrate to what degree genotypes of calpastatin (
CAST/RsaI) and myogenin (
MYOG) genes as well as the interaction between them may affect the carcass and meat ...quality of pigs. The investigations were conducted on 397 stress resistant pigs (free of
RYR1
T allele). It was demonstrated that the favourable effect of the variants of
CAST and
MYOG genes on carcass quality traits depends on the cut. The gene variant favourably affecting the weight of ham simultaneously had a negative effect on the weight of the loin. It was also shown that the interaction between
CAST and
MYOG genotypes has a significant effect on backfat thickness. The effect of a given combination of
CAST and
MYOG genotypes on carcass traits is related to the weight of a substantial cut (ham, loin).
Genotypes at
loci CAST/
RsaI and
MYOG have a significant effect on the value of certain traits and parameters of meat quality and its technological value (genotype
CAST on pH at 35
min and 2, 3, 24, 48, 96, 144
h
post-mortem (pH
35, pH
2, pH
3, pH
24, pH
48, pH
96, pH
144, respectively), R
1 (IMP/ATP), electrical conductivity at 3 and 4
h
post-mortem (EC
3, EC
4), technological yield of meat in curing and thermal processing (TY) and protein content in the muscle tissue, while genotype
MYOG on pH
48, EC
35, EC
3, EC
24 and dry matter content).
This study was performed in order to investigate a relationship between polymorphism's of calapastatin gene (
CAST) identified with HinfI, MspI and RsaI restriction endonucleases in pigs and meat ...quality characteristics and also interactions between
CAST and
RYR1 genes. Investigations were carried out on group of 89 fatteners being crosses of (Polish Large White×Polish Landrace)×(Hampshire×Pietrain). Some meat quality characteristics, glycolytic potential of LL muscle, yield of curing meat in cooking, the yield of loin in curing and smoking processes were determined. Statistically significant influence of
RYR1 genotype (CC and CT) on investigated traits wasn't affirmed. A significant effect of
CAST genotype on the value of several meat quality traits was noticed. Interactions between
RYR1 and
CAST genes were statistically significant for pH
45 value (
CAST/
RsaI×
RYR1) and for drip loss (
CAST/
HinfI×
RYR1). Obtained results showed that glycogen level in LL muscle in 45 min post mortem depends on
CAST/
MspI and
CAST/
RsaI genotypes while glycolytic potential depends on
CAST/
RsaI genotype. Genotyp AA at
CAST/
RsaI locus and AA genotype at
CAST/
HinfI locus stopped disclose of effect of RYR1 gene mutation for pH
45 in LD muscle and for drip loss respectively. Animals heterozygous in
RYR1 locus (CT) being BB homozygotes at
CAST/
RsaI locus produced meat with highest pH
45 value (6,4) and dark meat colour. For technological properties of meat most interesting are double heterozygotes at the loci
RYR1 and
CAST/
HinfI with significantly lowest (
P⩽0.01) drip loss (4,04%).
The objective of this study was to determine hepatic expression levels of
GHR
,
IGF1R
,
IGF1
and
IGF2
genes in young growing gilts at different developmental ages (60–210 days) in five pig breeds: ...Polish Large White (PLW), Polish Landrace (PL), Pulawska (Pul), Duroc (Dur) and Pietrain (Pie). We studied the differences among pig breeds as well as within each breed for pigs in different developmental ages. Obtained results revealed major differences among breeds in hepatic gene expression of porcine
GHR
,
IGF1R
,
IGF1
and
IGF2
genes in different developmental ages. The differences among breeds of
GHR
expression were significantly higher in PLW, PL at the age of 60, 90, 120 days as compared to Pul, Dur and Pie. In turn, the highest level of
IGF1R
expression was observed in PL at age of 150, 180 and 210 days, whereas in case of
IGF1
the highest level was recorded in Pie gilts at the age of 60 and 90 days. Moreover trait associated study revealed highly significant correlations between hepatic expressions of
IGF1R
and
IGF2
genes and carcass composition traits (
P
< 0.01) The results of study suggest that porcine
GHR
,
IGF1R
,
IGF1
and
IGF2
genes may be potential candidate genes for postnatal growth and carcass composition traits. Therefore, the implementation of the hepatic expression of
GH/IGF
genes into the pig breeding and gene assisted selection program in different pig breeds should be considered. However, further population wide study is needed to clarify the hepatic expression association with economic traits, such as body growth, meat quality and carcass composition traits.
MYOG and MYF6 belong to the MyoD gene family. They code for the bHLH transcription factors playing a key role in later stages of myogenesis: differentiation and maturation of myotubes. Three SNPs in ...porcine MYF6 and two in porcine MYOG were analysed in order to establish associations with chosen carcass quality and growth rate traits in Polish Landrace, Polish Large White and line 990 sows. No statistically significant effect of SNP in the promoter region of the MYF6 gene on its expression measured on mRNA level was found. Associations between the genotype at the MYF6 locus and carcass quality traits appeared to be breed-dependent. The C allele in the case of SNP in the promoter region and GC haplotype in exon 1 were advantageous for right carcass side weight in Polish Landrace sows and disadvantageous for this trait in Polish Large White sows. These gene variants were also the most advantageous for loin and ham weight in sows of line 990. The mutation in exon 1 of the MYOG gene had no statistically significant association with carcass quality traits and the mutation in the 3'-flanking region had the breed-dependent effect as well. These results suggest that SNPs analysed in this study are not causative mutations, but can be considered as markers of some other, still unrevealed genetic polymorphism that influences the physiological processes and phenotypic traits considered in this study.
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