Numerous metabolic engineering strategies have allowed yeasts to efficiently assimilate xylose, the second most abundant sugar component of lignocellulosic biomass. During the investigation of xylose ...utilization by yeasts, a global rewiring of metabolic networks upon xylose cultivation has been captured, as opposed to a pattern of glucose repression. A clear understanding of the xylose-induced metabolic reprogramming in yeast would shed light on the optimization of yeast-based bioprocesses to produce biofuels and chemicals using xylose. In this review, we delved into the characteristics of yeast xylose metabolism, and potential benefits of using xylose as a carbon source to produce various biochemicals with examples. Transcriptomic and metabolomic patterns of xylose-grown yeast cells were distinct from those on glucose—a conventional sugar of industrial biotechnology—and the gap might lead to opportunities to produce biochemicals efficiently. Indeed, limited glycolytic metabolic fluxes during xylose utilization could result in enhanced production of metabolites whose biosynthetic pathways compete for precursors with ethanol fermentation. Also, alleviation of glucose repression on cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthesis, and respiratory energy metabolism during xylose utilization enhanced production of acetyl-CoA derivatives. Consideration of singular properties of xylose metabolism, such as redox cofactor imbalance between xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, is necessary to maximize these positive xylose effects. This review argues the importance and benefits of xylose utilization as not only a way of expanding a substrate range, but also an effective environmental perturbation for the efficient production of advanced biofuels and chemicals in yeasts.
This article concerns the estimation algorithms of battery's parameters and state of charge (SOC) and it is twofold. First, we present a simple variable length block wise least square estimation ...algorithm by considering locally linear SOC and open circuit voltage (OCV) relation on the run. The proposed algorithm can estimate accurately the parameters and follow the parameter changes. After estimating the battery parameters, SOC is directly computed from the combination of estimated parameters and SOC-OCV relation. This estimation scheme, which assumes hysteresis effect is negligible, is an online method. Second, if the hysteresis effect is considered in the model, we present an additional least square optimization problem to estimate SOC accurately. In this case, some parameters are tuned up in an offline way. Our approach compared with the extended Kalman filter based estimation method. The algorithms are validated by experiments with real data obtained from lab tests.
There is a considerable need for cell‐based in vitro skin models for studying dermatological diseases and testing cosmetic products, but current in vitro skin models lack physiological relevance ...compared to human skin tissue. For example, many dermatological disorders involve complex immune responses, but current skin models are not capable of recapitulating the phenomena. Previously, we reported development of a microfluidic skin chip with a vessel structure and vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we cocultured dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with vascular endothelial cells, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. We verified the formation of a vascular endothelium in the presence of the dermis and epidermis layers by examining the expression of tissue‐specific markers. As the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the migration of leukocytes to inflammation sites, we incorporated leukocytes in the circulating media and attempted to mimic the migration of neutrophils in response to external stimuli. Increased secretion of cytokines and migration of neutrophils was observed when the skin chip was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, showing that the microfluidic skin chip may be useful for studying the immune response of the human tissue.
Immune response and leukocyte migration in response to an external stimulation are observed using a microfluidic skin chip with vasculature.
To realize wearable displays and interactive soft robots, significant research efforts are focused on developing highly deformable alternating‐current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices. Although soft ...emission layers are well developed, designing stretchable, conductive, and transparent soft electrodes remains challenging. In this study, ionic hydrogels are prepared comprising a double network (DN) of poly(N‐hydroxyethylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide)/crosslinked chitosan swollen in aqueous lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide. Owing to the finely tuned DN structure of the polymeric crosslinker and transparent electrolyte, the developed ionic hydrogels exhibit remarkable stretchability (1400%), excellent optical transmittance (>99%), and high conductivity (1.95 × 10−2 Sm−1). Based on the high performance of the ionic hydrogels, ACEL devices are fabricated with an emission layer containing phosphor microparticles and demonstrate stable, high luminance under extreme deformation, and ultra‐high elongation. The excellent transparency of the ionic hydrogel further enables the fabrication of novel soft ACEL devices with tandem structures by stacking several emission and electrode layers, in which each emission layer is independently controlled with a switch circuit.
Highly stretchable alternating current electroluminescent devices are developed based on soft electrodes comprising ionic hydrogels with a double‐network structure. Their high optical transparency and mechanical robustness allow extreme deformability and high stretchability over 1400% as well as a multi‐stacked structure, meeting the requirements of a soft electrode for future wearable devices.
The remarkable progress of virtual reality, augmented reality, quantum dot light-emitting diode, and organic light-emitting diode as next-generation displays has overcome the leadership of the liquid ...crystal display during the last two years. This paper discusses the key technological advancements and performance of these new-generation display devices.
Summary
In the phase 3 study RERISE, patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase demonstrated significantly faster and higher rates of major molecular response (MMR) with ...twice‐daily radotinib 300 mg (n = 79) or 400 mg (n = 81) than with once‐daily imatinib 400 mg (n = 81) after 12 months. With ≥48 months’ follow‐up, MMR was higher with radotinib 300 mg (86%) or 400 mg (83%) than with imatinib (75%). Among patients with BCR‐ABL1 ≤ 10% at three months, MMR and molecular response 4·5 (MR4·5) were achieved within 48 months by more radotinib‐treated patients (300 mg: 84% and 52%, respectively; 400 mg: 74% and 44%, respectively) than imatinib‐treated patients (71% and 44%, respectively). Estimated overall and progression‐free survival rates at 48 months were not significantly different between imatinib (94% and 94%, respectively) and radotinib 300 mg (99% and 97%, respectively) or 400 mg (95% and 93%, respectively). The treatment failure rate was significantly higher with imatinib (19%) than with radotinib 300 mg (6%; P = 0·0197) or 400 mg (5%; P = 0·0072). Safety profiles were consistent with previous reports; most adverse events occurred within 12 months. Radotinib continues to demonstrate robust, deep molecular responses, suggesting that treatment‐free remission may be attainable.
This work introduces LG Display's (LGD's) 1.3″ 4K full‐color organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay panels with a peak brightness of more than 10,000 nits, which have been newly developed ...for high‐quality virtual reality/mixed reality (VR/MR) head‐mounted displays. To achieve these advanced high‐luminance OLED microdisplay panels, we have developed a well‐controlled optical microcavity and outcoupling method, along with optimized multi‐stack white OLED devices and CF‐on‐encapsulation technologies tailored to the high pixel density of the panels.
The world's best 1.3″ 4K full‐color OLED microdisplay, which is able to realize peak brightness more than 10,000 nits together with appropriate operational lifetime of OLED devices, is introduced by addressing key technologies and challenges to develop advanced OLED microdisplay panels expecting application to the high‐quality VR/MR head‐mounted displays.
This article presents a single-trim switched capacitor (SC) CMOS bandgap reference (BGR) for battery monitoring applications. For a single-temperature trimming, <inline-formula> <tex-math ...notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math></inline-formula>-compensation and curvature correction techniques are employed to minimize non-proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) errors. In conjunction with these techniques, this article proposes dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques with low-pass filtering which employs the decimation filter of a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a digital domain. It achieves a further reduction of non-PTAT errors resulting from mismatches of the bias current, of the PNP transistor current gain (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math></inline-formula>), and of the gain coefficient in the SC summing amplifier. The remaining PTAT errors are canceled out using a single room-temperature trimming. The bandgap circuit is implemented using vertical PNP transistors with a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math></inline-formula> of about 2.7 at 27 °C in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process. The proposed SC BGR achieves a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">3\sigma </tex-math></inline-formula> inaccuracy of +0.02%, −0.12% from −40 °C to 125 °C. From a 1.8-V supply voltage, it consumes <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">17~\mu \text{A} </tex-math></inline-formula> at 27 °C and occupies an active area of 0.38 mm 2 .
Studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in oropharyngeal squamous papilloma (OPSP) are lacking, although HPV infection has been recognized as the primary cause of oropharyngeal cancer for ...several decades. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of HPV infections in patients with OPSP. We retrospectively enrolled patients with histologically confirmed OPSP in whom the presence of HPV infections and p16 expression were evaluated. The results of HPV infection in OPSP were analyzed according to the clinicodemographic profiles. Of the 83 patients included in this study, HPV test results were positive in 12 patients, with an overall prevalence of 14.5%. HPV genotypes involved low-risk and high-risk HPV types in three (3.6%) and nine (10.8%) patients, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16, accounting for 58.3% of all HPV infections. None of the OPSPs showed p16 IHC positivity. There were trends toward a higher prevalence of high-risk HPV infection in patients with OPSP aged ≤45 years, never-smokers, and those with multifocal diseases. These findings could enhance our understanding of HPV infection in OPSP and be used as valuable epidemiological data for the management of HPV-associated OPSP and regarding the possible efficacy of HPV vaccinations in OPSP.
Potential synergism between Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor and lenalidomide in treating aggressive B-cell lymphoma has been suggested. Here, the authors report a single-arm phase II ...clinical trial of combination of acalabrutinib, lenalidomide and rituximab (R2A) in patients with aggressive relapsed/refractory aggressive (R/R) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The primary endpoint of this study is objective response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoints are complete remission (CR) rate, duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 66 patients are enrolled mostly with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The ORR is 54.5% and CR rate is 31.8% meeting the primary end point. The median DoR is 12.9 months, and 1-year PFS and OS rate is 33.1% and 67.5% respectively. Adverse events (AE) are manageable with the most frequent AE being neutropenia (31.8%). Patients with MYD88 mutations, subtypes known for NF-κB activation, and high BTK expression by immunohistochemistry respond well. Overall, these results show a significant efficacy of the R2A regimen in patients with aggressive R/R B-cell NHL, with exploratory biomarkers suggesting potential associations with response. (ClinicalTrials.gov 51 identifier: NCT04094142).
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