Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) are modified endogenous microRNA precursors in which the miRNA:miRNA* duplex is replaced with sequences designed to silence any desired gene. amiRNAs are used as part ...of new genetic transformation techniques in eukaryotes and have proven to be effective and to excel over other RNA-mediated gene silencing methods in both specificity and stability. amiRNAs can be designed to silence single or multiple genes, it is also possible to construct dimeric amiRNA precursors to silence two non-related genes simultaneously. amiRNA expression is quantitative and allows using constitutive, inducible, or tissue-specific promoters. One main application of amiRNAs is gene functional validation and to this end they have been mostly used in model plants; however, their use can be extended to any species or variety. amiRNA-mediated antiviral defense is another important application with great potential for plant molecular biology and crop improvement, but it still needs to be optimized to prevent the escape of viruses from the silencing mechanism. Furthermore, amiRNAs have propelled research in related areas allowing the development of similar tools like artificial trans-acting small interference RNAs (ta-siARNs) and artificial target mimicry. In this review, some applications and advantages of amiRNAs in plant molecular biology are analyzed
Introducción: Una amoladora es una herramienta eléctrica que se usa con mucha frecuencia en la provincia del Azuay. En el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso (HVCM), existe una tasa elevada de pacientes ...que acuden con heridas causadas por esta herramienta. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo con la finalidad de cuantificar las heridas por amoladora que se tratan en el HVCM. Se utilizó la aplicación Podio para recolectar los datos de todos los pacientes que acudieron al departamento de emergencias desde el 1 de octubre 2019 hasta el 28 de febrero 2020. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS v 26. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio encontramos cincuenta y cinco pacientes con lesiones causadas por esta herramienta, es decir una herida por amoladora cada 2.76 días. Todos los pacientes llegaron con signos vitales estables, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) de 15 y Revised Trauma Score (RTS) de 8. La mayoría de las heridas se manejó en el departamento de emergencia, mientras que el 12.7% de las heridas requirió intervención quirúrgica. Se destaca 2 casos manejados quirúrgicamente, un paciente con una amputación parcial del brazo derecho y una herida de la cara. Conclusiones: Es importante reconocer la morbilidad significativa causada por las amoladoras en nuestra región.
This study highlights the potential of combining energy and dairy waste management systems to maximize resource recovery and reduce dairy farming environmental impacts. A combined anaerobic ...digestion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and a biomethanation process system was used to generate Renewable Natural Gas (RNG). The biomethanation step is part of a Power-to-Gas (PtG) system incorporating an electrolyzer that generates hydrogen to react with carbon dioxide to produce additional RNG. A distributed system of biorefineries was utilized to evaluate the economic feasibility of producing renewable biomethane for gas pipeline injection in an effort to decarbonize New York's natural gas grid and lower environmental impacts. Considering the waste produced by 397 000 dairy cows in NY State, this distributed biorefinery system was shown to generate 22 million MJ of RNG per year. The RNG selling price, as defined by carbon credit pricing mechanisms, was found to be the most critical factor in determining economic viability. For example, using the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) result in a $7 billion 20 year NPV and a competitive effective Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE
e
) of $10 per GJ.
Process flow diagram of a novel integrated anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal liquefaction and biomethanation resource recovery biorefinery.
Summary
Many plant‐pathogenic bacteria suppress pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (
PAMP
)‐triggered immunity by injecting effector proteins into the host cytoplasm during infection through the ...type
III
secretion system (
TTSS
). This type
III
secretome plays an important role in bacterial pathogenicity in susceptible hosts.
X
anthomonas axonopodis
pv.
manihotis
(
X
am
), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight, injects several effector proteins into the host cell, including
TALE1
Xam
. This protein is a member of the
T
ranscriptional
A
ctivator‐
L
ike effector (
TALE
) protein family, formerly known as the
AvrBs3
/
PthA
family.
TALE1
Xam
has 13.5 tandem repeats of 34 amino acids each, as well as two nuclear localization signals and an acidic activation domain at the
C
‐terminus. In this work, we demonstrate the importance of
TALE1
Xam
in the pathogenicity of
X
am
. We use versions of the gene that lack different domains in the protein in structure–function studies to show that the eukaryotic domains at the 3′ end are critical for pathogenicity. In addition, we demonstrate that, similar to the characterized
TALE
proteins from other
X
anthomonas
species,
TALE1
Xam
acts as a transcriptional activator in plant cells. This is the first report of the identification of a
TALE
in
X
am
, and contributes to our understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms employed by this bacterium to colonize and cause disease in cassava.
Objective. To determine the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) using serological, microbiological, and molecular methods, to genotype MAP isolates, and to explore factors ...associated to MAP-seropositive status in a buffalo herd of Antioquia (Colombia). Materials and methods. The study was carried out to test fecal and serum samples from 21 asymptomatic adult buffaloes using culture and ELISA tests, respectively. Suspicious culture isolates were confirmed by MAP-IS900-PCR (IS900-PCR). The positive DNA was retested using MAP-IS900-quantative PCR (IS900-qPCR), and then, sub-typed using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and multilocus short sequence repeat (MLSSR). Results. At sampling, the average age of animals was 4.7 years, 90.5% (19/21) were females and 84.2% (16/19) were pregnant. The average body condition score was 4.2 (in a 1-to-5 scale). The average milk yield was 3.5 L/day/animal. No MAP-seropositive animals were detected. One dairy buffalo cow out of the 21 buffaloes was positive by fecal culture at week six of incubation and then confirmed by IS900-PCR. Sub-typing analysis revealed that the MAP isolate corresponded to the INMV 3 genotype by MIRU-VNTR. Conclusions. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of MAP diagnosis and isolation in Colombian buffaloes and the first time an INMV 3 MAP-profile is found in this species the country.
Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) mediante métodos serológicos, microbiológicos y moleculares, para genotipar los aislamientos de MAP y explorar factores asociados a la seropositividad a MAP en un hato de búfalos del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal para analizar muestras fecales y de suero de 21 búfalas adultas asintomáticas mediante cultivo y ELISA, respectivamente. Los cultivos aislados sospechosos se confirmaron mediante PCR de MAP-IS900 (IS900-PCR). El ADN positivo se volvió a analizar mediante PCR cuantitativo de MAP-IS900 (IS900-qPCR), y luego, se subtipificó utilizando unidades repetitivas intercaladas de micobacterias-número variable de repeticiones en tándem (MIRU-VNTR) y repetición de secuencia corta de múltiples locus (MLSSR). Resultados. Al muestreo, la edad promedio de los animales era de 4.7 años, el 90.5% (19/21) eran hembras y el 84.2% (16/19) estaban preñadas. El puntaje promedio de condición corporal fue 4.2 (escala de 1 a 5). La producción de leche promedio fue de 3.5 L/día/animal. No se detectaron animales seropositivos a MAP. Una hembra de los 21 búfalos fue positiva mediante cultivo fecal en la semana seis de incubación y luego se confirmó mediante IS900-PCR. El análisis de subtipado reveló que el aislado de MAP correspondía al genotipo INMV 3 por MIRU-VNTR. Conclusiones. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer diagnóstico y aislamiento de MAP en búfalos en Colombia y la primera vez que se encuentra un perfil INMV 3 de MAP en esta especie en el país.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The reaction of antioxidants with 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) has been studied employing both, ethanol and nano aggregates biodegradable block copolymers (BBC) in aqueous solution, as ...reaction media. Gallate derivatives with different chain lengths (gallic acid, methyl, propyl and octyl gallate) were used as antioxidants model, and BBC containing a central section of poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) and three arms of poly-vinylpirrolidone (PVP) were used to originate nano aggregates in aqueous solution. The course of the reaction was followed by the changes of the DPPH absorption band at 517 nm. In ethanol, using an excess of antioxidants, DPPH was consumed completely by all gallate derivatives. Nevertheless, when the same reaction was carried out in aqueous nano aggregates of BBC, only a partial consumption of DPPH was observed, suggesting the occurrence of a complex reaction mechanism.
The aim of this article is to present the results of a literature search of investigations related to the effects of the acute responses of aerobic exercise, in the training of sports shooting on the ...precision of the shot. Methodology: An in-depth review was carried out on electronic databases of the last fifteen years. Results: After an introduction on the history of this sport in Colombia and a contextualization of the main research fronts on sports shooting, the investigations are presented one by one.
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de una búsqueda bibliográfica de investigaciones relacionadas con los efectos de las respuestas agudas del ejercicio aeróbico, en el entrenamiento de tiro deportivo sobre la precisión del disparo. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión a profundidad en bases de datos electrónicas de los últimos quince años. Resultados: Tras una introducción sobre la historia de este deporte en Colombia y una contextualización de los principales frentes de investigación sobre el tiro deportivo, se presentan una a una las investigaciones analizadas.
A competitive method to evaluate the reactivity of highly reactive antioxidants is reported. Pyrogallol red (PGR) and AAPH (2,2′-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were employed as ...target-molecule and peroxyl radical source, respectively. In the zero-order kinetic limit in PGR, the dependence of the ratio R°/R (where R° is the rate of the process in the absence of additive and R is the rate of the process in the presence of additive) upon the additive concentration (Stern-Volmer like plots) was studied. Various polyphenols (n=10) and ascorbic acid (AA) were tested as additives. In PGR protection by AA, was observed a neat induction time, associated to the total protection of the target molecule. On the other hand, the experiments that were carried out in presence of phenolic compounds allowed a relative evaluation of their reactivity towards peroxyl radicals. This reactivity follows the order quercetin>gallic acid>Trolox > kaempferol. Data obtained employing quercetin and Trolox are compatible with a competitive protection by these antioxidants. Due to the high reactivity of PGR towards peroxyl radicals and its high extinction coefficient at long wavelengths, it is a very suitable molecule to be employed as target in the evaluation of the free radical scavenging capability of very reactive phenolic compounds.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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