Carboxylic acids such as citric, lactic, succinic and itaconic acids are useful products and are obtained on large scale by fermentation. This review describes the options for recovering these and ...other fermentative carboxylic acids. After cell removal, often a primary recovery step is performed, using liquid–liquid extraction, adsorption, precipitation or conventional electrodialysis. If the carboxylate is formed rather than the carboxylic acid, the recovery process involves a step for removing the cation of the formed carboxylate. Then, bipolar electrodialysis and thermal methods for salt splitting can prevent that waste inorganic salts are co-produced. Final carboxylic acid purification requires either distillation or crystallization, usually involving evaporation of water.
Process steps can often be combined synergistically. In-situ removal of carboxylic acid by extraction during fermentation is the most popular approach. Recovery of the extractant can easily lead to waste inorganic salt formation, which counteracts the advantage of the in-situ removal.
For industrial production, various recovery principles and configurations are used, because the fermentation conditions and physical properties of specific carboxylic acids differ.
Abstract
Aim
The remarkable ecomorphological diversity of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea is the result of a diet‐mediated adaptive radiation. Stemming from a putatively insectivorous ancestor, ...noctilionoid bats diversified to adapt to the widest range of dietary ecologies among mammals. The high concentration of noctilionoid diversity in the Neotropics raises the question as to whether competitive ecological interactions influenced their diversification. However, patterns of morphological diversification along gradients of coexistence in Noctilionoidea are understudied. Here, we assessed the effect of dietary adaptations on patterns of morphological divergence associated with coexistence in noctilionoid bats.
Location
The Americas and the Caribbean.
Taxon
Bat superfamily Noctilionoidea.
Methods
Using a set of five dental morphological traits and a sample of 108 species, we quantified morphological distances between noctilionoid species pairs to reveal patterns of morphological divergence along gradients of range overlap and dietary similarity. We incorporate phylogenetic information to control for the effects of species' relatedness on morphological distances.
Results
Overall, we found a significant association between morphological divergence, coexistence and diet. Decomposing the correlation between morphological divergence and sympatry across dietary groups, our results revealed distinctive patterns consistent with both character convergence and divergence. Specifically, we found evidence of character convergence in herbivorous species and character divergence in omnivorous species.
Main Conclusions
Our results indicate that the morphological diversification of noctilionoid bats followed parallel evolutionary trajectories of directional (both divergent and stabilising) and nonselective evolution linked to dietary adaptations.
Resumen
Objetivo
La notable diversidad ecomorfológica de la superfamilia de murciélagos Noctilionoidea es el resultado de una radiación adaptativa mediada por la dieta. Partiendo de un ancestro tentativamente insectívoro, los murciélagos noctilionoideos se diversificaron para adaptarse a la mayor diversidad de dietas entre los mamíferos. La elevada concentración de diversidad de noctilionoideos en el Neotrópico plantea la pregunta de si las interacciones ecológicas competitivas influyeron en su diversificación. Sin embargo, los patrones de diversificación morfológica a lo largo de gradientes de coexistencia en Noctilionoidea están poco estudiados. Aquí evaluamos el efecto de las adaptaciones dietarias en los patrones de divergencia morfológica asociados a la coexistencia en murciélagos noctilionoideos.
Ubicación
América y el Caribe.
Taxón
Superfamilia Noctilionoidea.
Métodos
Utilizamos cinco rasgos morfológicos dentales y una muestra de 108 especies para cuantificar las distancias morfológicas entre pares de especies de noctilionoideos para revelar patrones de divergencia morfológica a lo largo de gradientes de solapamiento del área de distribución y similitud de dieta. Incorporamos información filogenética para controlar el efecto del parentesco entre especies sobre las distancias morfológicas.
Resultados
En general, encontramos una asociación significativa entre divergencia morfológica, coexistencia y dieta. Descomponiendo la correlación entre divergencia morfológica y simpatría entre grupos dietarios, nuestros resultados revelaron patrones distintivos consistentes tanto con la convergencia como con la divergencia de caracteres. Específicamente, encontramos evidencia de convergencia de caracteres en especies herbívoras y divergencia de caracteres en especies omnívoras.
Conclusiones
Nuestros resultados indican que la diversificación morfológica de los murciélagos noctilionoideos siguió trayectorias evolutivas paralelas de evolución direccional (tanto divergente como estabilizadora) y no selectiva ligadas a adaptaciones en la dieta.
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theories in four dimensions exhibit many interesting nonperturbative phenomena that can be studied by means of Monte Carlo lattice simulations. However, the lattice ...regularization breaks supersymmetry explicitly, and in general a fine-tuning of a large number of parameters is required to correctly extrapolate the theory to the continuum limit. From this perspective, it is important to preserve on the lattice as many symmetries of the original continuum action as possible. Chiral symmetry for instance prevents an additive renormalization of the fermion mass. A (modified) version of chiral symmetry can be preserved exactly if the Dirac operator fulfills the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. In this contribution, we present an exploratory nonperturbative study of N = 1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory using the overlap formalism to preserve chiral symmetry at nonzero lattice spacings. N = 1 SYM is an ideal benchmark toward the extension of our studies to more complex supersymmetric theories, as the only parameter to be tuned is the gluino mass. Overlap fermions allow us therefore to simulate the theory without fine-tuning. We compare our approach to previous investigations of the same theory, and we present clear evidences for gluino condensation.
Conventional and Unconventional Photon Statistics Zubizarreta Casalengua, Eduardo; López Carreño, Juan Camilo; Laussy, Fabrice P. ...
Laser & photonics reviews,
June 2020, Letnik:
14, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The photon statistics emitted by a large variety of light‐matter systems under weak coherent driving can be understood, to lowest order in the driving, in the framework of an admixture of (or ...interference between) a squeezed state and a coherent state, with the resulting state accounting for all bunching and antibunching features. One can further identify two mechanisms that produce resonances for the photon correlations: i) conventional photon blockade describes cases that involve a particular quantum level or set of levels in the excitation/emission processes with interferences occurring to all orders in the photon numbers, while ii) unconventional photon blockade describes cases where the driving laser is far from resonance with any level and the interference occurs for a particular number of photons only, yielding stronger correlations but only for a definite number of photons. Such an understanding and classification allows for a comprehensive and transparent description of the photon statistics from a wide range of disparate systems, where optimum conditions for various types of photon correlations can be found and realized.
Landscape of photon correlations with bunching (B, red) and antibunching (A, blue) features of the conventional (C, solid) and unconventional (U, dashed) type in a Jayes‐Cummings system, as observed in the frequency space at which the system is driven (vertical axis) and emits (horizontal). This provides a comprehensive picture of the photon statistics of this and related quantum optical systems.
Peroxyl radicals participate in multiple processes involved in critical changes to cells, tissues, pharmacueticals and foods. Some of these reactions explain their association with degenerative ...pathologies, including cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancer development. Azocompounds, and particularly AAPH (2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride), a cationic water-soluble derivative, have been employed extensively as sources of model peroxyl radicals. A considerable number of studies have reported mechanistic data on the oxidation of biologically-relevant targets, the scavenging activity of foods and natural products, and the reactions with, and responses of, cultured cells. However, despite the (supposed) experimental simplicity of using azocompounds, the chemistry of peroxyl radical production and subsequent reactions is complicated, and not always considered in sufficient depth when analyzing experimental data. The present work discusses the chemical aspects of azocompounds as generators of peroxyl (and other) radicals, together with their contribution to our understanding of biochemistry, pharmaceutical and food chemistry research. The evidence supporting a role for the formation of alkoxyl (RO•) and other radicals during thermal and photochemical decomposition of azocompounds is assessed, together with the potential influence of such species on the reactions under study.
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•Peroxyl radicals participate in critical processes of the human life.•Azocompounds are employed extensively as sources of model peroxyl radicals (ROO•).•The chemistry and contributions of azocompounds as generators of ROO• is discussed.•Formation of alkoxyl radicals (RO•) and their role in the tested systems is revised.
New World bats represent over one third of global bat species and encompass the widest adaptive radiation among bats. Modern bat diversity in the Americas resulted from a mixture of migrations and ...colonisations of different taxa throughout the Cenozoic. Traditionally, these taxa are conceived as either South or North American, based on the location of their centres of diversification. To better understand the spatial and temporal processes behind modern biogeographic patterns of New World bat fauna, we investigated phylogenetic diversity (PD) and endemism (PE) for 325 American bat species using distribution maps and a species‐level phylogenetic supertree of bats. Randomisation tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance of our results, and to derive a categorical analysis of neo‐ and palaeo‐endemism (CANAPE) to deconstruct significant endemism into its different components. PD and PE showed different patterns than those previously reported for New World bats based on traditional measures of diversity. We found multiple centres of significant endemism across the New World for most bat families, extending the hypothesis of dual centres of diversification, previously proposed for Emballonuridae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae, to Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. Our results indicate that Central America and southern North America played important roles in the diversification of New World bats, as did the Andes in the diversification of Vespertilionidae in South America.
This paper reports the first database on antioxidants contained in fruits produced and consumed within the south Andes region of South America. The database (www.portalantioxidantes.com) contains ...over 500 total phenolics (TP) and ORAC values for more than 120 species/varieties of fruits. All analyses were conducted by a single ISO/IEC 17025-certified laboratory. The characterization comprised native berries such as maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), murtilla (Ugni molinae), and calafate (Barberis microphylla), which largely outscored all other studied fruits. Major differences in TP and ORAC were observed as a function of the fruit variety in berries, avocado, cherries, and apples. In fruits such as pears, apples, apricots, and peaches, a significant part of the TP and ORAC was accounted for by the antioxidants present in the peel. These data should be useful to estimate the fruit-based intake of TP and, through the ORAC data, their antioxidant-related contribution to the diet of south Andes populations.
Glycerol carbonate is one the glycerol derivatives which attracts attention for industrial applications. This review compares strategies for its synthesis, and their analyses lead to the conclusion ...that (indirect) procedures starting from glycerol- and/or CO2-derivatives are the most attractive. These are described and compared, taking criteria of industrial feasibility into account. As a result, the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate or ethylene carbonate with glycerol using uncalcined CaO as catalyst appears to be currently the most suitable industrial process. Finally, potential applications of glycerol carbonate as a multifunctional compound are exemplified.
Bats show a remarkable ecological diversity that is reflected both in dietary and foraging guilds (FGs). Cranial ecomorphological adaptations linked to diet have been widely studied in bats, using a ...variety of anatomical, computational and mathematical approaches. However, foraging‐related ecomorphological adaptations and the concordance between cranial and postcranial morphological adaptations remain unexamined in bats and limited to the interpretation of traditional aerodynamic properties of the wing (e.g. wing loading WL and aspect ratio AR). For this reason, the postcranial ecomorphological diversity in bats and its drivers remain understudied. Using 3D virtual modelling and geometric morphometrics (GMM), we explored the phylogenetic, ecological and biological drivers of humeral morphology in bats, evaluating the presence and magnitude of modularity and integration. To explore decoupled patterns of variation across the bone, we analysed whole‐bone shape, diaphyseal and epiphyseal shape. We also tested whether traditional aerodynamic wing traits correlate with humeral shape. By studying 37 species from 20 families (covering all FGs and 85% of dietary guilds), we found similar patterns of variation in whole‐bone and diaphyseal shape and unique variation patterns in epiphyseal shape. Phylogeny, diet and FG significantly correlated with shape variation at all levels, whereas size only had a significant effect on epiphyseal morphology. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in all levels of humeral shape. Epiphyseal shape significantly correlated with wing AR. Statistical support for a diaphyseal‐epiphyseal modular partition of the humerus suggests a functional partition of shape variability. Our study is the first to show within‐structure modular morphological variation in the appendicular skeleton of any living tetrapod. Our results suggest that diaphyseal shape correlates more with phylogeny, whereas epiphyseal shape correlates with diet and FG.
Bat humeral morphology exhibits patterns of variation associated with differences in foraging behaviour and phylogeny. This study is the first to show within‐structure modular morphological variation in the appendicular skeleton of any living tetrapod.
Summary
Functional analysis of large gene families in plant pathogens can be cumbersome using classical insertional mutagenesis. Additionally, Cas9 toxicity has limited the application of CRISPR–Cas9 ...for directed mutagenesis in bacteria.
Here, we successfully applied a CRISPR interference strategy to investigate the cryptic role of the transcription activator‐like effector (tale) multigene family in several plant‐pathogenic Xanthomonas bacterial species, owing to their contribution to pathogen virulence.
Single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) designed against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv manihotis tale conserved gene sequences efficiently silenced expression of all tales, with concomitant decrease in virulence and TALE‐induced host gene expression. The system is readily translatable to other Xanthomonas species infecting rice, citrus, Brassica, and cassava, silencing up to 16 tales in a given strain using a single sgRNA. Complementation with plasmid‐borne designer tales lacking the sgRNA‐targeted sequence restored molecular and virulence phenotypes in all pathosystems.
Our results evidenced that X. campestris pv campestris CN08 tales are relevant for symptom development in cauliflower. They also show that the MeSWEET10a sugar transporter is surprisingly targeted by the nonvascular cassava pathogen X. cassavae, highlighting a new example of TALE functional convergence between phylogenetically distant Xanthomonas. Overall, this novel technology provides a platform for discovery and rapid functional understanding of highly conserved gene families.
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